Organophosphate pesticides(OPs)are used extensively in agriculture,it became the most heavily used insecticides in China after the use of organochlorine pesticide was restricted in 1980s in China.Recent years,with an increasing usage of organophosphate pesticides in China,much concern has been showed for the level of OPs in human body and the adverse effects of OPs on human health especially on fetuses and children have raised a great.The level of OPs in children and the adverse effects of OPs exposure on neurobehavioral development of children were reviewed in the present article.

Objective To observe the change of Wnt-β-catenin signaling's location and expression in kidney repair after acute kidney injury induced by ischemla reperfusion (I/R).Methods Ischemia reperfusion injury in BAT-gal reportor mice was made and blood sample was taken from tails on the 1th day after injury. Mice were sacrified on the 2th or 7th day and kidneys and blood were collected. Renal pathological change was observed by PAS stain. The changes of location and expression of Wnt-β-catenin signaling were detected by immunofluorescence costainning X-gal-LTL, X-gal-NKCC2, X-gal-DBA respectively. The protein expressions of the Wnt4 and co-receptor Lrp6 were assessed by Western blotting. Results PAS-stained kidney sections showed desquamative or flattened epithelia, necrotic debris on day 2 and regenerating tubules on day 7. An injury-induced enhancement of the Wnt pathway response (X-gal staining) in kidney cortex and out-medulla. Immunolabelling of kidney sections from injured BAT-gal mice revealed that X-gal staining was detected in kidney epithelial cells (double-labelled with LTL or NKCC2). Western blotting showed the Wnt4 protein was up-regulated and phospho-Lrp6, indicative of active canonical Wnt signaling, was noted in kidney cortex from day 2 after I/R, but in control kidney cortex pLrp6 was not detected. Conclusion Wnt-β-catenin signaling is activited after acute kidney I/R injury and is required for tubular epithelial repair and regeneration following kidney I/R injury.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of joint-corresponding point selection plus exercise acupuncture in treating acute ankle sprain.Method Enrolled 70 patients with acute ankle sprain were randomly allocated to two groups.The treatment group received joint-corresponding point selection plus exercise acupuncture and the control group,elastic bandage fixation.Both groups were given ice compress,mobilizationand elevation as auxiliary measures.Treatment was provided seven days as one coursefor a total of two courses.The pain, tenderness, swelling andrange of activitieswere scored in the two groups of patients before and after treatment.Thetherapeutic effects were compared.Result The total efficacy rate was 88.6% in the treatment groupand54.3% in the control group.The therapeutic effect was significantly better in the treatment group than in the control group (P<0.01). Joint pain, tenderness, swelling and activity scores decreased in the two groups after treatment (P<0.01). Joint tenderness and activity scores were lower in the treatment group than in the control group after treatment (P<0.01).Conclusion Joint-corresponding point selection plus exercise acupuncture has clinically a marked therapeutic effect on acute ankle sprain.

Nucleoside analogues have been the mainstay of clinical treatment of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infections since their development. However, the emergence of drug resistant strains has underlined the urgency of the discovery of novel anti-HSV-1 drugs. Natural products, which provided many novel drug leads, are known to be an important source of anti-HSV-1 agents. Herein, we present an overview of natural products with anti-HSV-1 activities isolated from a variety of plants reported in recent years. Several different compounds, mainly belonging to the three groups of polysaccharides, polyphenols and terpenes, showed antiviral effects against HSV-1, indicating their potential to be promising anti-HSV-1 agents.

Objective:To investigate the effect of TGF-? on the expression of type Ⅰ inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor in WB rat liver epithelial cells.Methods:The expression of type Ⅰ inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor protein and mRNA were detected by Western blot and RT-PCR in WB rat liver epithelial cells in vitro stimulating with TGF-?.Results:The expression level of type Ⅰ inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor protein and mRNA in WB rat liver epithelial cells were both increased after stimulating with TGF-? in several time points and reached the highest at 8 h stimulated, and then decreased.Conclusion:TGF-? enhance the IP_3R1 protein and mRNA expression in WB rat liver epithelial cells.

Objective To study the therapeutic effect of arbutin combined with glycyrrhizin on immune-inflammation. Methods The effect of arbutin combined with glycyrrhizin on adjuvant arthritis and on oxzolone induced mice ear swelling were investigated. PGE2 level in inflammatory tissue and LTB4 content from peritoneal macrophage of rat treated with arbutin and glycyrrhizin were determined. Results Arbutin combined with glycyrrhizin could inhibit Freund's complete adjuvant induced rat primary and secondary foot swelling. The combined group could also inhibit oxazolone induced mice ear swelling and decrease CD4+ T cell in blood. Compared with control group,PGE2 level in combined group was remarkable lower,and there was no difference between combined group and GL 400 mg/kg group. Arbutin combined with glycyrrhizin could inhibit LTB4 release from rat peritoneal macrophage. Conclusion Arbutin and glycyrrhizin has synergetic therapeutic effect on immune-inflammation.

Objective To study the therapeutic effect of plasma exchange and plasma perfusion(PE+PP)on acute fatty liver of pregnancy.Methods Twenty-one patients with acute fatty liver of pregnancy were divided into two groups.In the treated group,the patients were treated with (PE+PP) on the basis of the conventional therapy,and the control group received the conventional therapy only?Liver function,kidney function and prothrombin activity(PTA) before treatment and 4 weeks,6 weeks after treatment were observed.Results After treatment with (PE+PA),the liver function,kidney function and PTA were ameliorated at 4 weeks and 6 weeks(P

Objective To investigate the effect of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) on intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2 +] i) and the contraction of glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs),and prove that hypercontractility of GMCs induced by TNF-α in hepatorenal syndrome(HRS) was connected with inositol 1,4,5-trisphophate receptors (IP3Rs).Methods GMCs were divided into TNF-α-treated 0 h,4h,and 24 h groups.Another 3 groups were blocked by 2-APB.The effect of TNF-α on [Ca2 +] i was identified and observed whether it could be blocked by 2-APB.Contraction of GMCs was determined by accessing the surface area of cells before and after contraction.Results TNF-α significantly increased ET-induced calcium release,in that we found higher [Ca2 +] i after stimulated by ET in TNF-α-treated 4 h group and 24 h group[4 h:(648.08 ±267.11) nmol/L; 24 h:(879.30 ±-260.29) nmol/L; 0 h:(619.93 ±258.94)nmol/L,F =5.486,4 h vs 0 h:P ＜ 0.05 ; 24 h vs 0 h:P ＜ 0.05 ;24 h vs 4 h:P ＞ 0.05].This phenomenon can be totally blocked by 2-APB in all groups.The change in planar surface area in response to ET was slightly in control cells but significantly enhanced in TNF-α-treated cells [4 h:(2198 ± 340)μm2; 24h:(2260±553)μm2; 0 h:(2436±474)μm2,F =4.001,4 h vs0 h:P ＜0.05; 24 h vs0 h:P ＜0.05;24 h vs 4 h:P ＞ 0.05].Conclusion TNF-α can enhance ET-induced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2 + release and increase the contractile responses of GMCs to ET,which is associated with IP3Rs.TNF-α is responsible for hyperconstractility of glomeruli in HRS.

Objective To investigate the signal mechanism of protein kinase C alpha(PKC-α)participated in enhanced expression of type Ⅰ inositol 1,4,5-trisphophate receptors (IP3 RI) induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNFα),in order to delineate the mechanisms of decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in hepatorenal syndrome caused by TNFα.Methods The glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs)line from rats was chosen as experimental material.GMCs were divided into control (D),TNFα-2 h,TNFα-4 h,TNFα-8 h,and TNFα-24 h groups.Moreover,another two groups were sanflngol-8h (S),TNFα + Sanfingol-8h(TS)groups.The effect of TNFα on the expression of IP3RI was detected by immunocytochemical staining,Western blotting,teal time-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays.Results Immunocytochemical staining demonstrated that IP3 RI was mainly distributed in cytoplasm of GMCs.Enhanced positive staining was determined in all TNFα-treated groups,especially in TNFα-8 h group.Western blotting demonstrated that the expression of IP3RI protein was significantly higher in TNFα-4 h,TNFα-8h and TNFα-24 h groups than control group(4 h:1.82 ± 0.63 ; 8 h:2.95 ± 0.66 ; 24 h:2.48 ± 0.72 ; D:1 ±0.02 ; F =9.24,P ＜ 0.05).The expression of IP3 RI protein was the highest in TNFα-8 h and TNFα-24 h groups(P ＜0.05).No difference was found among S,TS,and control groups(S:1.39 ±0.65; TS:1.35± 0.37 ; P ＞ 0.05).Real time-PCR found the expression of IP3 RImRNA was significantly higher in all TNFα-treated groups than control group(2 h:3.35 ± 1.97; 4 h:3.16 ± 1.35; 8 h:3.70 ± 1.76; 24 h:4.49±1.70; D:1 ±0.01; F =6.167,P ＜0.05).No difference was found among all TNFα-treated groups(P ＞0.05).No difference was found among S,TS,and control groups(S:1.53 ±0.79; TS:1.32 ± 0.38 ; P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions IP3 RI was mainly distributed in cytoplasm of GMCs.TNFa could enhance the expression of IP3 RI protein and IP3 RI mRNA,which could be blocked by sanfingol,a PKCα inhibitor.It might be an important signal in the mechanisms of GFR decrease caused by TNFα in hepatorenal syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pharmacokinetics of 10 mg adefovir dipivoxil tablet formulations in 12 Chinese healthy subjects after a single dose and multiple doses. METHODS: A single dose and multiple doses of the formulations of adefovir dipivoxil tablets were given to each of 12 healthy male subjects. The concentrations of adefovir in plasma were determined by LC-MS/MS. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by DAS2.0 programme. RESULTS: The obtained pharmacokinetic parameters of adefovir following adefovir dipivoxil tablets in a single dose and multiple doses group were as follows: ρmax were (24 ± 9), (24 ± 8) μg · L-1; AUC0-24 h were (210 ± 54), (213 ± 73) μg · h · L-1; AUC0-∞ were(236 ± 64), (250 ± 90) μg · h · L-1; t1/2 were (7.4 ± 1.2), (8.5 ± 2.1)h; tmax were (1.3 ± 0.7), (1.5 ± 0.6) h, respectively. Other main parameters in multiple doses group were ρavss (8.90 ± 3.06) μg · L-1 and DF (2.52 ± 0.66). CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference in pharmacokinetic parameters between single dose and multi-dose group. There is no accumulation following multiple doses of adefovir dipivoxil. Adefovir dipivoxil tablets were safe and well tolerated in Chinese subjects. Copyright 2012 by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.