This paper presents a review of the change of cytochrome P450 2C (CYP2C) in human development process and the effect of its gene polymorphism on clinical medication. The relevant literature at home and abroad was reviewed, analyzed, and summarized. The expression and activity of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 enzymes are different at different ages, which has a direct effect on clinical drug use in pediatric patients. It has vital significance to further research the change rules of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 and the influence of gene polymorphism on drug metabolism in the process of development for improving the efficacy and rationality of pediatric medication.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is one of the most common causes of physical disability among children all over the world.It is often accompanied by hypophrenia,epilepsy,abnormal behaviors,visual auditory disorder,emotional disturbance,facial disfunction,developmental delay,malnutrition,poor lung function,hypoimmunity,and so on.Also hip abnormalities are important issues.The hip subdislocation,dislocation and pain largely influence the daily life of the patients.Early detection and therapy offer a great hand to ease the degree of disability and enhance rehabilitation effect.Surgical management and rehabilitation training have significant count on maintaining the hip function and improving daily life quality.The lesion severity,treatment timing,individual differences and cooperation degree of parents are main factors of prognosis.This contribution summarizes the symptoms,radiographic parameter changes and treatments of CP.

Objective To study the effect of clopidogrel on intimal hyperplasia of rabit arta injured by balloon and its mechanism.Methods Twelve New Zealand rabbits were established as atherosclerosis plaques rupture models and were evenly divided in to the high-cholesterol group and the clopidogrel group.Another 6 rabbits were set as the control.Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were taken in the beginning,before and after surgery.Meansurement alsincluded the changes in macrophage count and collagen levels in the plaques,changes of plasma fibrinogen and P-selectin levels as well as changes in activity of t-PA and PAI-1.The changes of intima thickness and the degree of stenosis were recorded.Results Compared to the control group,the high-cholesterol group and the clopidogrel group had higher average macrophages count and collagen levels in the plaques.The clopidogrel group had less macrophages count in the plaques than the high-cholesterol group;however,the clopidogrel group had higher levels of collagen in the plaques than the high-cholesterol group.The plasma level of P-selectin reduced in the clopidogrel group after plaques rupture.The activity of t-PA remained uncharged in the clopidogrel group but increased in the high cholesterol group.Compared to pre-treatment level,the activity of PAI-1 increased in the high-cholesterol group but reduced in the clopidogrel groups after atherosclerosis plaques rupture.The thickness of vessel intima increased in both the high-cholesterol group and the clopidogrel group,however,the degree of intima thickening and vessel stenosis is less in the clopidogrel group compared to the high-cholesterol group.Conclusion Clopidogrel relieves inflammation reaction by inhibitting thrombogenesis and the movement of macrophages in atherosclerosis plaques,thus minimizes the degree atherosclerosis and vessel intima hyperplasia.

The method of simultaneous administration of several probe substrates is called “Cocktail" approaches. The objective of the article is to review the application of this technique in characterizing the activity of multiple drug-metabolizing enzymes and in clinical researches. This paper also shows Five-drug and Six-drug Cocktail set for evaluating in vivo activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes.

Objective To explore the value of OMOM capsule endoscopy in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases in the elderly patients.Methods A retrospective analysis of the clinical data on 86 elderly patients completed OMOM capsule endoscopy during May 2008 to April 2013 were performed.Results All the patients were well tolerated,and capsules were successfully excreted.The mean detention time in gastrointestinal was 50.64 min,the mean run time was 315.86 min.Thirty-eight (44.19％,38/86) patients gained positive diagnosis.In 45 patients with unknown reason,28 patients (62.22％,28/45) gained positive diagnosis.In 28 patients with abdominal pain and diarrhea,5 patients gained positive diagnosis.In 4 patients with other reason,no patients gained positive diagnosis.Conclusions The manipulation of OMOM capsule endoscopy is simple,safe and effective.And the elderly patients can tolerate well.Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding is the main reason to check,and has a higher diagnostic yield.

The blood and urine estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P) were measured in 133 patients with fibrocystic disease (FCD) of breast and 17 healthy subsjects during menstrual cycle phases. According to the characteristics of the secretion, the patients were divided into five types. Type A (54 patients): The secretion peak of E2 and P appeared beforehand and secretion of P was prolonged and E2 decreased significantly in ovulatory phase. Type B (16 patients): The secretion peak of E2 disappeared in ovulatory phase although the secretion of P was normal. Type C (16 patients): The secretion peak of P deferred its disappearance and maintained at higher level till pre-menstrual period and sc did E2: the secretion of E2 decreased in ovulatory phase. Type D (41 patients): The secretion peak of E2 in ovulatory phase was normal but could not return to normal level in pre-menstrual period, in the mean time the secretion of P also deferred its disappearance. Type E (6 patients): There was no secretion of P and the blood and urine concentrations of E2 deccreased in all phases. The average value of E2 in the patients with FCD was compared with that of healthy subjects. The concentration of E2 in all the patients increased in follicular and pre-menstrual phases. However, the concentration of E2 in ovulatory phase was much lower in the patients than in healthy subjects.

Objective This study is to identify the presence of superoxide anion-generating system in human lens epithelial cells using arachidonic acid (AA) as the stimulator.Design Experimental study.Participants Human lens epithelial cells B3 (HLE B3). Methods Confluent human lens epithelial cells (HLE B3) were subjected to stimulation by AA and its derivatives.The generation of su- peroxide anion was quantified with a luminometer (LumiStar BMG) immediately upon AA and its derivatives addition.Cells preloaded with superoxide dismutase (SOD) or mannitol were used as negative controls and cells mixed with 3% ethanol (solvent for AA) were used as baseline.Cells were preloaded with inhibitors 30 minutes before luminometer measurement.A time-and concentration-depen- dent study on the AA-stimulated activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was carried out using western blot analysis. Main Outcome Measures Superoxide generation,phosphorylation of MAPK.Results AA at dosage of 30-150 mM proportionally in- duced luminescence in HLE B3 cells,but was ineffective in cells preloaded with SOD or mannitol.DPI,a non-specific NADPH oxidase inhibitor eliminated AA-induced superoxide anion generation partially.Leinoleic acid,stearic acid,eicosa-11Z,14Z,17Z-trienoic acid (20:3) and eicosa-11Z,14Z-dienoic acid (20:2) were ineffective.The generation of superoxide anion was not contributed by cyclooxyge- nase or the cytochrome p450 pathway since indomethacin (inhibitor for cyclooxygenase) or ketoconazole (inhibitor for cytochrome p450) could not eradicate the stimulatory effect of AA.While CDC,a specific inhibitor for lipoxygenase could eliminate superoxide generation partially.The specific inhibitor for 5-lipoxygenase AA861 completely blocked the generation of superoxide anion.Western blot analysis of the cell lysate showed that AA at the concentrations of 30-150 mM progressively activated ERK and JNK.They were transiently ac- tivated between 2.5-30 minutes.The activations of ERK and JNK were dose-dependent and time-dependent.Conclusions Inhibition of superioxide anion generation may be a new approach to block lens epithelial cell proliferation and post-capsule opacification.

ObjectiveTo analyze the correlations between bone mineral density and biochemistry data of health checkup receivers.MethodsA total of 3025 sets of medical measurements,including blood glucose,lipid profiles,blood uric acid,blood pressure and bone mineral density,were collected from January 2008 to November 2010 in Medical Examination Center of Peking Union Medical College Hospital.Bone mineral density of lumbar vertebra 1 - 4 (L1-4) and hip were recorded.Linear correlation analysis was used to investigate the correlation between bone mineral density and other factors. Results In multiple regression analysis,age,body weight,and alkaline phosphatase level were found to be related to male hip bone mineral density; age,body weight,alkaline phosphatase,and glutamyltranspetidase level were related to male L2-4 bone mineral density; age,body weight,alkaline phosphatase,and glutamyltranspetidase level were indicated to be related to female hip bone mineral density; age,body weight,alkaline phosphatase,and the ratio of neutrophile granulocyte were related to female L2-4 bone mineral density.ConclusionIn thisstudygroup, bodyweightwaspositivelycorrelatedwithbonemineraldensity, although alkalinephosphatase was negatively associated with bone mineral density.The role of blood glucose and lipid in the regulation of bone mineral density remains inconclusive.

Objective To study a new method of minimally invasive balloon kyphoplasty (PKP)for treatment of chronic osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Methods The study involved 27 patients with chronic osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures treated with PKP in our hospital from February 2007 to February 2009. There were 11 males and 16 females, at mean age of 72.4 years (range 55-86 years). The history of chronic osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures ranged 3-17 months (mean 7.6 months). The pathological changes were determined at one stage in 25 patients and at two stage in two. According to the Genant classification, there were 10 patients (11 vertebrae) at grade two and 17 patients (18 vertebrae) at grade three. Before operation, the visual analog scale (VAS) score was average 8.3, the ratio of compression height of the anterior vertebral body to the posterior vertebral body was 39% by X-ray measurement and the kyphosis angle was average 15.60°. All patients received PKP under local anesthesia. Results Patients were followed up for average 11.2 months, which showed that all the patients achieved significant pain relief and ambulation at days 3 or 4 after operation. Cardiorespiratory function was significantly improved, with no reoccurrence of pain or severe complications found.After operation, the VAS score was average 2.8, ratio of compression height of the anterior vertebral body to the posterior vertebral body was average 47.6% and the kyphosis angle was average 15.60°. Conclusions Minimally invasive PKP can achieve rapid relief of pain, help early ambulation, decrease various complications resulting from long-term confinement to bed and improve cardiorespiratory function for elderly patients with chronic osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures of the vertebral body mainly with pain but without nerve injury.

A quarter of the psoriasis patients develop psoriatic arthritis, and it would be beneficial if a preparation which can be used to treat the skin and joint symptoms at the same time. Currently these biologic agents could serve both include tumor necrosis factor inhibitors such as adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab, golimumab and certolizumab; anti-IL-12/IL-23 p40 antibodies such as ustekinumab; and anti-IL-17 agents such as secukinumab, brodalumab. Recently another group of small molecule agents has been found for the purpose: phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, apremilast, JAK inhibitor, tofacitinib and INCBO18424. This review provides an overview on the agents that can be used for the concurrent treatment of skin and joint psoriasis.