The effects of different carbon sources added to aerobic medium on cell growth,enzyme activity and metabolite distribution was investigated in dual-phase fermentations.The results showed that both cell density and enzyme activity were enhanced by adding 4mmol/L glucose or 12,54,80mmol/L sodium acetate to aerobic medium,respectively.Then centrifugated cells that had grown aerobically in different conditions were transferred to anaerobic fermentation,the enzyme activity and metabolite distribution changed.To analyze the anaerobic enzyme activity and metabolite distribution,it was concluded that during the anaerobic fermentation of Escherichia coli NZN111 overexpressed malic enzyme,PEP carboxykinase(PCK)was the key enzyme of succinate production,pyruvate kinase(PYK)was associated to the accumulation of by-product pyruvate,and isocitrate lyase(ICL)have some influence on the concentration of succinate.The yield of succinate in anaerobic stage could reach 89.0%,which was 16.6% higher than that of the control by adding 80mmol/L sodium acetate as carbon source in aerobic medium.

BACKGROUND: Fat embolism syndrome is a commonly seen severe complication in the field of opthopaedics in clinic. It frequently occurs after long bone fracture and hip-knee joint replacement. However, its etiological factors and pathogenesis are not identified.OBJECTIVE: To sum up the onset influencing factors, pathogenesis and therapeutic methods of long bone fracture and hip-knee joint replacement accompanied with fat embolism syndrome.RETRIEVE STRATEGY: Using the terms "fat embolism syndrome, pathogenesis, treatment, prevention, diagnosis", we retrieved PubMed database to identify studies published in the English language. Fifty-five literatures were searched.Meanwhile, we searched the medical information network of Shanghai Jiao Tong University with the same terms in the Chinese language. Inclusive criteria: studies, which can reflect the diagnosis and treatment as well as pathogenesis of fat embolism syndrome. Exclusive criteria: repetitive studies.LITERATURE EVALUATION: The involved 38 literatures are all about the diagnosis and treatment as well as pathogenesis of fat embolism syndrome, among which, 6 were review and the others were clinical or basic studies.DATA SYNTHESIS: ① The influencing factors of fat embolism syndrome included trauma factor, operation factor and other factors. ② The pathogenesis of fat embolism syndrome involved mechanical obstruction theory, biochemical theory,condensation theory and inflammatory reaction theory. ③ The treatments of fat embolism syndrome include respiration supporting, glucocorticoid application, protecting brain function, drug treatment, heat shock treatment and so on.CONCLUSION: Study on bone fracture and joint replacement accompanied with fat embolism syndrome can provide evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of this syndrome.

Objective To quantitatively observe the actual levels of 4977 bp and 3895 bp mitochon-drial DNA (mtDNA) deletion in healthy human skin of different age, and to explore their relationship with intrinsic aging and photoaging. Methods Seventy-one samples of skin tissue were obtained from healthy volunteers, including 40 samples from UV-protected areas (buttock, thigh, waist or abdomen) and 31 from UV-exposed areas (neck, back of hands, forehead or face). Nuclear and mitochundrial DNA was extracted from these samples. Conventional PCR was performed to detect the incidence of 4977 bp and 3895 bp mtDNA deletion. Then, SYBR Green real-time PCR was applied to quantitatively analyze the target mutations in posi-tive samples. Results Conventional PCR showed that the incidence of both 4977 bp deletion and 3895 bp deletion increased with age. For example, the incidence of 4977 bp deletion and 3895 bp deletion accounted for 47.5% (19/40) and 30% (12/40), respectively in samples from volunteers older than 40 years, signifi-cantly higher than that in those from volunteers younger than 40 years (X2 = 4.673, 6.118, respectively, both P < 0.05). The total incidence of 4977 bp deletion and 3895 bp deletion in UV-exposed areas was 48.4% (15/31) and 32.3% (9/31), respectively, which did not differ from those in UV-protected areas. The results from real-time PCR revealed a positive correlation of the copy number of 4977 10p deletion and 3895 bp deletion with age (rg = 0.907, 0.845, respectively, both P < 0.05). When the UV-exposed area was compared with the UV-protected area, no significant difference was found in the copy number of 4977 bp deletion ( P = 0.264), whereas a higher level of 3895 bp deletion was noticed in UV-exposed area (P = 0.014). Conclu-sions The 4977 bp mtDNA deletion is primarily associated with chronological aging, and might serve as a biomarker for the process of chronological aging of skin. Deletion of 3895 bp mtDNA seems to be more sus-ceptible to ultraviolet radiation.

Objective To observe the immune regulatory effect of Marasmius androsaceus (MA) polysaccharide in normal mice. Methods The experimental mouse was injected with high,middle,and low dosages of marasmius androsaceus polysaccharide(5,10,20 mg?kg-1?d-1) in the abdomen (i.p.) ,and the comparison group was given the same volume of saline water i.p. once a day. After treatment for 14 consecutive days,the blood cell count instrument was used to measure the mice hemogram,the phagocytic function of peritoneal macrophage and the ability of carbon granular clearance were observed.,the ability of the spleen lymphocytes proliferation was tested by MTT,and the hemolysin production test was used to evaluate the influence of MA polysaccharide on specific humoral immunity in mice. Results Marasmius androsaceus polysaccharide at middle and high dosages can increase the number of lymphocytes and moncytes in normal reference,enhance the phagocytic function of peritoneal macrophage,promote the carbon granular clearance,accelerate the proliferation of T lymphocyte,enhance the specific humoral imnune function. Conclusion Marasmius androsaceus polysaccharide has certain potentiating effect on the phagocytic function and immunity regulation.

Objective To establish and characterize human colorectal cancer orthotopic implantation model in nude mice.Methods Established the human colorectal cancer orthotopic implantation model by surgery,characterize its biological characteristics by immunohistochemistry.Results Human colorectal cancer orthotopic implantation model was established in nude mice successfully,the proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Survivin were overexpressed in the models which were simulated the characteristics of human colorectal cancer perfectly.Conclusion This human colorectal cancer orthotopic implantaion model will provide an excellent animal model for us to study the development and metastasis mechanism of human colorectal cancer.

Objective To determine the expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)in different molecular subtypes of breast cancer and its clinical significance so as to detect the biological markers of different molecular subtypes of breast cancer.Methods We divided 100 breast cancer patients into four molecular subtypes by immunostaining:luminal subtype,HER-2(+)subtype,basal-like (BLs)subtype and normal breast-like (NBLs)subtype,and then compared the expression of MIF in the groups.We analyzed the associations of MIF-positive expression rate with age,menstruation,tumor size,auxiliary lymph node metastasis,histological type and grade,and clinical stage of the breast cancer patients.We also compared MVD level and 5-year overall survival rate between MIF-positive patients and MIF-negative ones.Results The positive expression of MIF was correlated with HER2(+)subtype breast cancer and auxiliary lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05 ).The patients with MIF-positive expression had a significantly higher level of MVD than those with MIF-negative expression (P < 0.05 ). Kaplan-Meier method showed that MIF-positive patients had a poor prognosis than MIF-negative ones (Log-rank=1 9.5 1 6,P = 0.000).Conclusion Breast cancer patients with MIF-positive expression may be mostly of HER2 (+)subtype,and tend to develop auxiliary lymph node metastasis.These patients have a significantly higher level of MVD and poor prognosis than those with MIF-negative expression.

Objective: To investigate the effect of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) on liver injury and the expression of fractalkine in rats and explore its possible mechanism.
Methods: A CIH murine model was established to mimic the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) in humans. Thirty healthy male Spraque-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 3 groups: a 5% CIH group, a 5% CIH+RH (removal of hypoxia) group and a control group ( 10 rats in each group). The 5% CIH and 5% CIH+RH groups were exposed to CIH for 3 weeks, 8 h/d, and the frequency of hypoxia was 20 times/h. The 5% CIH+RH group was then exposed to normal gaseous environment for another 3 weeks. After the experiment, liver sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and the liver pathology was observed. The expression of fractalkine in the liver tissues was detected by immunohistochemical method.
Results: 1) Compared with the control group, the hepatic steatosis and inflammatory activities in the 5% CIH and 5% CIH+RH groups were more severe (allP<0.01 ); compared with the 5% CIH group, the hepatic steatosis and inflammatory activity in the 5% CIH+RH group were dramatically reduced (P<0.01 ). 2) Compared with the control group, the fractalkine expression in the 5%CIH and 5% CIH+RH groups was increased (bothP<0.01). The fractalkine expression in the 5% CIH+RH group was dramatically downregulated compared with that in the 5% CIH group (P<0.01).
Conclusion: CIH can induce liver injury and high fractalkine expression in rat liver tissues.

Objective To investigate the correlation between TIP 30 and VEGF-C expression and clini-cophathological characteristics in resected small cell lung cancer ( SCLC) patients and to identify patients with in-creased risk of cancer recurrence and to provide a theoretical basis for the further clinical prevention of SCLC . Methods Sixty eight resected SCLC patients were included in this study .Paraffin-embedded specimens of pa-tients were used for the evaluation of TIP 30 and VEGF-C expression by immunohistochemistry .Results The expression of VEGF-C had positive correlation with lymph node metastasis .TIP30 expression was positively cor-related with VEGF-C expression.Patients with low TIP30 expression had shorter Overall survival (OS)and Dis-ease-Free survival(DFS)than those with high TIP30 expression.OS and DFS of the patients with VEGF -C-positive tumors were significantly lower than that of the patients with VEGF -C negative tumors .The multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that low TIP 30 and high VEGF-C expression were independent markers of poor OS(P<0.01)in operable SCLC patients.Conclusion The expression of VEGF -C shows positive correlation with lymph node metastasis .Low TIP30 and high VEGF -C expression are independent prognostic markers of poor overall survival in resected SCLC patients .

In clinical practice, the teachers should lead students to integrate the basic medical and clinical medical knowledge, and promote their comprehensive ability. Taking the department of gynaecology as an example, we learn from the analysis of specific practice that teachers need to pay attention to the reasonable conversion between doctors and teachers, strengthen their own basic medical knowledge reserves and teaching ability, strengthen the experience exchange with the teachers who teach basic course and give students clear interpretation of the relevant basic medical knowledge, pro-mote students to converse from basic medical skills to clinical skills, from theory to practical skills, and enable students to adapt to the role of interns as soon as possible.

Objective To investigate the effect of chronic intermittent hypoxia(CIH)on serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)and the changes of HDL-C metabolism-related indicators such as the expressions of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor a (PPARα)and adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporterA1(ABCA1)in liver in male SD rats.Methods Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAHS)-induced CIH rats were randomly allocated into 6 groups:10％CIH-3 weeks,5％CIH-3 weeks,5％CIH-3 weeks +RH(Removal of hypoxia-3 weeks),10％CIH-3 weeks + RH(Removal of hypoxia-3 weeks),control group-3 weeks,and control group-6 weeks.Serum lipids were measured and compared.To observe and compare the liver pathology,the expression levels of PPARα and ABCA1 in liver tissue of CIH rats were detected by immunohistochemical method.Results The levels of serum TC,TG and LDL-C was significantly higher in CIH rats than in control group.The levels of TC,TG and LDL-C were significantly lower in reoxygenation groups than in CIH groups.There was no significant difference between experiment groups and correspondent control groups(all P＞0.05).Compared with control group,CIH rats had significantly lower levels of serum HDL-C;Compared with CIH groups,the levels of HDL-C were significantly higher in reoxygenation groups.There was no significant difference between experiment groups and correspondent control groups(all P＞0.05).Compared with control group,the expression of PPARα and ABCA1 of CIH group was significantly lower;Compared with CIH groups,the expression of PPARα and ABCA1 was significantly higher in reoxygenation groups;There was no significant difference in the expression of PPARα and ABCA1 between reoxygenation groups and correspondent control groups,in which the oxygen level was recovered to normal.Conclusions The serum HDL-C level was obviously decreased in OSAHS-induced CIH rats,and the decreased serum HDL-C can be effectively improved by reoxygenation intervention.OSAHS-induced CIH may lead to the dyslipidemia through PPARα-ABCA1 pathway,and reoxygenation intervention for three weeks can effectively recover the expression levels of PPARα and ABCA1 to normal levels,which suggests that if CIH is effectively intervented,the change of PPARα and ABCA1 of liver can be reversed,thereby reversing dvslipidemia.