OBJECTIVETo evaluate the small fiber function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus of the early stage by measuring the sensory threshold with the quantitative temperature testing technology.

METHODSTwenty cases of patients with type 2 diabetes with no neurological deficit (DM group) and twenty age and sex-matched healthy controls underwent the detecting of cold sensory threshold (CST), warm sensory threshold (WST), cold pain threshold (CPT), heat pain threshold (HPT) in both inside of their hands.

RESULTSThere was no significant difference in CST, WST, CPT and HPT between left and right inside of hand of the same sample among all the testers. But the four kinds of threshold showed significant difference in the right inside of hand between patients and healthy people ( P < 0.05). In addition, the CST and WST differed significantly in the left inside of hand between the patients and healthy controls while the CPT and HPT showed no significant difference in the left inside of hand between them. Patients group and control group with CST and WST on the left side of the comparison difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONQuantitative analysis of temperature sense threshold can not only reflect increase of the pain threshold value, also can reflect its decrease, i. e. hyperalgesia, which may help to diagnose small fibrous peripheral neuropathy recognition, especially in early diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

Case-Control Studies ; Cold Temperature ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; physiopathology ; Diabetic Neuropathies ; diagnosis ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Hyperalgesia ; Pain Threshold ; Sensory Thresholds ; Thermosensing

Objective:To investigate the use of proton pump inhibitors ( PPIs) in the patients with cirrhosis or hepatitis in one hospital and evaluate the use rationality .Methods:A retrospective study was carried out on 211 patients with the diagnosis of hepatitis or cirrhosis in the infectious disease ward between 2013 and 2014 , and the use rationality of PPIs was evaluated .Results: A total of 211 cases were inspected, and among them, 192 ones were treated with PPIs (91%) with 62 ones treated with PPIs irrationally, which accounted for 29.3%of the total cases.The main irrational use of PPIs was long treatment course (24.5%), inadequate prophylaxis indications (5.7%) and purposeless use (2.6%).Conclusion: Irrational use of PPI is common in hepatitis or cirrhosis patients . Clinical pharmacists should strengthen pharmaceutical care to improve the rational drug use .

This paper introduces the technology of recognizing CD4 cell by a computer, which successfully segments the objects from the background through image processing and analyses the four features including geometric features, optical density, color and texture features. The method based on Principal Component Analysis algorithm is used for feature extraction, and a Back Propagation neural network classifier is constructed, from which the CD4 cell can be well recognized. CD4 cell, image segmentation, feature analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Back Propagation (BP) neural network classifier is constructed, from which the CD4 cell can be well recognized.
Algorithms ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; cytology ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Microscopy ; methods ; Neural Networks (Computer) ; Principal Component Analysis

Pepole pay more attention to the medicinal value and health function of Monascus day by day,however,the existence of citrinin restricted the further development of Monascus products heavily. How to ruduce the content of citrinin is a problem need to be solved urgently.Briefly introduced the toxicity,the biosynthetic pathway,and the relative standards of citrinin in monascus. According to the research progress on citrinin,the strategies of citrinin control were described from the three aspects of fermentation technology,mutation breeding,and genetic engineering. The expectation about the direction of citrinin in the future was also discussed.

A complex disease is rarely a consequence of abnormality in a single gene. It is known that many drugs exhibit a therapeutic effect by acting on multiple targets, produce synergies to intervene the occurrence and development of diseases. Unlike the traditional methods which act on single molecule or pathway, this disease-drug target network constructed with high throughput data vividly showed the complex relationship between drugs, their targets and diseases. However, the networks are usually extremely complex. In order to reduce the complexity, it is necessary to deconstruct the network and identify module structures. In this study, framework of module analysis was summarized from four aspects: module concept, structure and identification methods, importance of disease-drug module identification, and its application. Module-based analysis provides a new perspective for deciphering the drug intervention mechanisms for complex diseases, and provides new ideas and pathways to reveal the mechanisms of multi-target and multi-component drugs.
Drug Delivery Systems ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Gene Regulatory Networks ; drug effects ; Humans ; Molecular Targeted Therapy

Adolescent ; Adult ; Alprostadil ; pharmacology ; Anticoagulants ; pharmacology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Dextrans ; pharmacology ; Female ; Fibrinolytic Agents ; pharmacology ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; adverse effects ; Heparin ; pharmacology ; Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease ; etiology ; prevention & control ; therapy ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Treatment Outcome

Background Many eye diseases such as central retinal artery occlusion,glaucoma and ischemic optic neuropathy,etc.lead to retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI) and furthmore visual functional damage.It is neeessary to study the treatment of RIRI.Objective This study was to observe and discuss the influence of aminoguanidine on the retina morphological changes and its mechanism after RIRI.Methods Eighty clean healthy male Japanese white rabbits were randomly divided into normal injury group,RIRI group and aminoguanidine (AG)treated group.The model of RIRI was established by infusing saline solution into the anterior chamber to elevate intraocular pressure (IOP) in both RIRI group and AG group.AG was intraperitoneally injected in the models of the AG group,and normal saline solution was used at the same method in tbe normal group and the RIRI group.The fundus photography and fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA) were pertormed on the rabbits at the moment of retina ischemia and 6,24 and 72 hours after reperfusion.The parts of rabbits were sacrificed 1,6,24 and 72 hours after reperfusion,followed by the enucleation of the eyeballs.Retinal section was prepared for TUNEL examination to evaluate the apoptosis of retinal cells.Nitric oxide (NO) concentration in retina was detected with nitrate reductase,and the activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was measured by colorimetric detection.The use of the animals followed the Regulations for the Administration of Affairs Concerning Experimental Animals by State Science and Technology Commission.Results The fundus photography and FFA showed that the retinal edema was more mild,and the percentage of vascular occlusion was lower in the AG treatment group than that in RIRI group and the amount and area of fluorescein leakage were also smaller than the treatment group.The numbers of TUNEL positive cells in the AG treatment group were less than those in the RIRI model group at 1,6,24 and 72 hours after experiment (F分组 =2762.37,P =0.00 ; F时间 =894.24,P =0.00).Numbers of TUNEL positive cells between adjacent time points were significantly different in both RIRI model group and AG treatment group (RIRI group:q =24.475,36.591,-20.37,P＜0.05;AG group:q =20.94,16.79,-6.92,P＜0.05),with the peak value at 24 hours after experiment.NO contents were significantly higher in the RIRI model group compared to AG group at various time points(q =3.84,4.01,8.91,3.75,P＜0.05),and those between adjacent time points showed significant differences (RIRI group:q=4.77,13.403,-10.29,P＜0.05;AG group:q=4.55,9.05,-5.08,P＜0.05).iNOS activity was significantly elevated in the RIRI model group compared with AG group(q=-3.74,-4.94,-6.53,-3.98,P＜0.05),and obvious differences also were seen between the adjacent time points in both two groups(RIRI group:q =8.43,6.71,-6.39,P＜0.05 ;AG group:q =4.16,5.08,-3.93,P＜0.05).Conclusions Aminoguanidine can protect the retinal function and morpbology from oxidative stress damage after RIRI by reducing the NO level and inhibiting the iNOS activity in retina.

Objective To investigate the relationship between expression of surfactant protein B (SP-B) gene product and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) in Han ethnic group.Methods Unrelated 20 cases with NRDS of Han ethnic group were selected as NRDS group while unrelated 20 cases of Han ethnic group with other diseases were selected as a control. The cases in the control group had congenital heart disease or bronchopulmonary dysplasia or persistent pulmonary artery hypertension. Blood sample was taken from each case. Lung tissues were taken from the patients in half an hour after their death in the two groups. Expression of SP-B in the lung tissues was determined with immunohistochemical technique. Genetic deficiency variant of SP-B intron Ⅳ was screened with polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Results Two cases at gestational age of 26 weeks, one at 34 weeks and two at 42 weeks in the NRDS groups had lower expression level of SP-B in the lung tissues than those at the same age in the the control group. Expression of SP-B in the lung tissues of the control group increased with gestational age, but no such phenomenon was found in NRDS group. Further two cases at gestational age 42 weeks of NRDS group had genetic deficiency variant of SP-B intron Ⅳ with gene analysis of five cases who had lower expression of SP-B. Clinical data suggest that patients at 42 weeks of gestational age had severe illness.Conclusion Decrease of SP-B expression may be involved in occurrence of NRDS, genetic deficiency variant of SP-B intron Ⅳ exists in NRDS cases of Han ethnic group of China.

OBJECTIVETo study the extent of retinal vascular development and influencing factors at birth and the relation between retinal vascularization and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).

METHODSFrom October, 2006 to December 2006, retinal vascularization was screened and evaluated in 84 neonates at different weeks of gestation and birth weights (BWs), had dilated fundus evaluation for zone of retinal vascularization by the 130 degrees lens of a digital fundus camera. The infants' pupils were dilated with 2.5% phenylephrine and 0.5% cyclopentolate eye drops. The study cohort was divided into subgroups depending on the weeks of gestation and birth weights. The control group consisted of healthy term infants. Maternal and neonatal factors were ascertained and analysed.

RESULTSVascularization up to zone I and II was considered to be immature retina; vascularization up to zone III or beyond was considered to be mature retina. In this study, 11 of 12 infants who were born at < 30 weeks of gestation, 12 of 26 infants who were born at < 31 approximately 33 weeks of gestation, 1 of 26 babies who were born at < 34 approximately 36 weeks of gestation and none of 20 babies who were born at < 37-40 weeks of gestation had immature retina; 12 of 15 babies at < 1500 g BW, 8 of 14 infants at 1500 g < BW < 1700 g, 4 of 11 infants at 1700 g < BW < 2000 g and of 44 infants at > 2000 g BW had immature retina. Those infants who were born at > 34 weeks of gestational age and at > 2000 g BW had mature retina. Infants who were born between 31 to 34 weeks of gestation and at 1501 to 2000 g BW had variable extent of retinal vascularization at birth. Vascularization was associated with postconceptional age (F = 31.9193, P = 0.000), birth weight (F = 32.4532, P = 0.000), anemia (F = 36.9391, P = 0.000), surfactant (F = 24.000, P = 0.0000), poor nutrition (F = 4.184, P = 0.041), RDS (F = 17.6191, P = 0.000), cesarean delivery (F = 10.972, P = 0.0022) and oxygen > 48 h (F = 22.076, P = 0.0000). Vascularization was affected mainly by the postconceptional age (95% CI = 1.57-261.728, P = 0.021). At last, 15/24 infants with immature retina developed ROP while none of the infants with mature retina developed ROP (chi2 = 45.1087, P = 0.000).

CONCLUSIONThere is considerable variability in the extent of retinal vascularization in infants who we born between 31 to 34 weeks of gestation. Modifiable maternal and fetal factors could influence extent of vascularization at birth. Immature retina is the critical factor of ROP. Gestational age is the main factor of the immature retina in premature infants.

Birth Weight ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Male ; Neovascularization, Physiologic ; Retina ; anatomy & histology ; Retinal Vessels ; growth & development

China ; Heart Transplantation ; methods ; Humans