Animals ; Child ; China ; Dairy Products ; Diet ; Health Promotion ; methods ; Health Status ; Humans ; Nutritional Status ; Nutritive Value

Nonclinical evaluation of vaccines is an important part of innovative vaccine research and development. Information on vaccine efficacy and safety is obtained through nonclinical research to support the clinical development and licensure of the vaccine. In this paper, combined with existing vaccine evaluation experience, the strategies, considerations and concerns of vaccine nonclinical evaluation are summarized by consulting the relevant domestic and foreign literature and guidelines of vaccine nonclinical evaluation in recent years, so as to provide a reference for vaccine researchers. Because of the different characteristics and concerns of therapeutic vaccines, the discussion in this paper mainly focuses on innovative preventive vaccines.

Purpose:To compare old and new clinical staging of primary liver cancre. Methods:317 cases of primary liver cancer(PLC) patients,hospita lized and dead,were investigated retrospectively for overall median survival and survival after various therapies,according to various stages,and therapies and comparison among groups and test of median survival were carried out. Results:Survival in patients with new stage Ⅱa+Ⅱb or old Ⅱw ere significantly longer than newⅢa+Ⅲb or oldⅢ, but no significant differenc es were observed between new stageⅡa+Ⅱb and oldⅡ , or new stage Ⅲa+Ⅲb and oldⅢ. Median survival by new staging , decreased in peoper order from stageⅡ a ,Ⅱb , Ⅲa to Ⅲb respectively, significant different was found only between s tage Ⅲa and Ⅲb but not betweenⅡa andⅡb . Survival decreased respectively fr om interventional treatment ,systemic chemotherapy and palliative therapy;the in terventional treatment group did much better than the palliative group but no si milar differences were observed in the other groups. Conclusions:New clinical staging of PLC did not show significan t superiorly over the old one as judged by median survival.It can be questioned whether basing on largest diameter is less than 5/10 cm or more than 10 cm to di stinguish Ⅱa and Ⅱb is valid.Interventional treatment should be applied as soo n as possible to prolong survival whether it be the new or old clinical staging.

In recent years,research on carotid atherosclerosis has turned to the aspect of neovascularization in vulnerable plaques.The evaluation of neovascularization in plaques using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography has become one of the novel technologies to determine the plaque stability.This article reviews the principles of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and its application in the evaluation of neovascularization in carotid atherosclerotic plaques and vulnerable plaques.

Adult ; Choroid Plexus Neoplasms ; pathology ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Ear Neoplasms ; pathology ; radiotherapy ; surgery ; Endolymphatic Sac ; pathology ; Glomus Jugulare Tumor ; pathology ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Meningioma ; pathology ; Skull Neoplasms ; pathology ; radiotherapy ; surgery ; Temporal Bone ; pathology ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Objective:To evaluate communication ability of medical students and try to construct communica-tion education mode of medical students .Methods:Scale and questionnaire are used to survey 1389 medical students , a radar map is used to evaluate the communication and interviewing related personnal , domestic and over-seas pertinent literature data were browsed and analyzed .Results:Medical students′communication ability level is general , lack of communication of knowledge; The need to build on the basis of doctor -patient communication training mode diversification .Conclusions:Medical schools should attach importance to training the students′com-munication ability and try to construct all -sided education mode and improve medical students′ability of doctor-patient communication .

Objective To investigate the effect of ramipril on urinary protein in elderly type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy in different periods.Methods 120 type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy (64 males, 56 females) with mean aged (68±3) years were randomized into treatment group and control group (n =60, each).According to test results of 24 h proteinuria and renal function, they were divided into 3 subgroups: the normal urine albumin (normal control) group, the early diabetic nephropathy group, and the clinical diabetic nephropathy group.The control group received conventional treatment, while the treatment group used conventional treatment combined with ramipril 2.5 mg/d.Both groups had treatment course of 3 months.The changes in 24 h urinary total protein and urinary albumin before and 1 and 3 months after treatment, and the changes in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels in patients with renal dysfunction before and 3 months after treatment were observed and compared.Results 24 h urinary total protein and urinary albumin were significantly decreased along with the extended treatment time (P＜0.05 or 0.01).The blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels were significantly declined at 3 months after treatment versus pre-treatment (P＜0.05 for both).There were no significant differences in 24h urinary total protein and urinary albumin in control group before versus after treatment (P＞0.05 for both).At 1 and 3 months after treatment, there were significant differences both in the decrement of 24h urinary total protein and urinary albumin, and in the blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels between the clinical diabetic nephropathy treatment group and the control group (P＜0.05 or 0.01).Conclusions Ramipril combined with conventional treatment can effectively reduce proteinuria and promote the recovery of renal function for type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy.

The concept of far lateral lumbar disc herniation was firstly reported by Abdullah in 1974. The diagnosis of far lateral lumbar disc herniation is based on the discography findings as well as on clinical manifestations. Far lateral lumbar disc herniation is a special type of lumbar disc herniation. Clinically, far lateral lumbar disc herniation is less seen than other types of lumbar disc herniation, it accounts for 0.7%-11.7% of total lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion. Although the incidence of far lateral lumbar disc herniation is lower, its symptoms are usually heavier and its protrusion sites are specific. Its treatment methods are more complex, including mainly conservative treatment, minimally invasive interventional therapy and surgical management, etc. This paper aims to make a review about the recent progress in its corresponding treatment.

Objective To construct a lentiviral vector that stably express platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-B)and to in-vestigate effect of PDGF-B overexpression on invasion of SGC7901 gastric carcinoma cell.Methods The lentiviral vector pLeno-DCE-PDGF-B was constructed and transfected into 293T cells.The supernatant containing the lentivirus particles was harvested to determine the virus titer and high titer lentivirus particles was gathered.Then PDGF-B lentiviral vector was transfected into SGC7901 cells for construction of stable PDGF-B overexpression SGC7901 cells.Western-blot and immunofluorescence were used for evaluation of the construction of stable PDGF-B overexpression SGC7901 cells.Transwell test was used for detection the inva-sion of SGC7901 cells.Results The lentiviral vector was correctly constructed and verified by sequencing.High titer PDGF-B lenti-viral particles were acquired successfully.After transfection,SGC7901 cells were green color by detection of fluorescence micro-scope;and the expression of PDGF-B protein in transfected SGC7901 cells were much higher than that in normal SGC7901 cells.Al-so,PDGF-B overexpression increased the invasion ability of SGC7901 cells.Conclusion The PDGF-B lentiviral particles are ob-tained after successful construction and package.The stable PDGF-B overexpression SGC7901 gastric carcinoma cell line is estab-lished,which proves that the PDGF-B overexpression might increase the invasion ability of gastric carcinoma cells.

Acute kidney injury( AKI) is a variety of causes leading to rapid impaired renal function, causing glomerular filtration rate reduced,blood urea nitrogen elevated,serum creatinine increased,urine out-put decreased,resulting in the disorder of the human body environment,so the body can not maintain homeo-stasis. AKI increases the risk of mortality and chronic kidney disease in neonate. To understand the progress of AKI on diagnostic criteria,pathogenesis,early biomarker,treatment and prognosis,it is extremely important to guide clinical diagnosis and treatment,improve the outcome and reduce the mortality of AKI in neonate.