Objective To investigate the effect of medial preoptic area ( mPOA) destruction on the anesthesia induced with propofol and ketamine and the role of mPOA in the mechanism of anesthesia. Methods Twenty-four SD rats weighing 250-300 g were randomly divided into two groups: NS group ( n = 12) and NMDA destruction group ( n = 12) . The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal (ip) pentobarbital 40 mg?kg-1. A hole was drilled in the skull fixed by a stereotactic apparatus (Narishige). 0.5?l of normal saline (NS) or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) was injected into mPOA. The rats were observed for changes in behaviour and body weight. On the 7 th day after NS or NMDA injection each group was further divided into 2 subgroups receiving either propofol 100 mg?kg-1 or ketamine 100 mg?kg-1 ip. The latency of loss of righting reflex (RL)(time from end of ip injection to loss of righting reflex) and recovery time (RT) were recorded. Results There were no significant changes in behaviour and body weight after mPOA injection in NS group; while animals in NMDA-destruction group showed increased excitability , irritability and activity and decreased appetite and sleep and significant weight loss after mPOA injection. RL was significantly longer and RT was significantly shorter after propofol/ketamine ip injection in NMDA destruction group than those in NS group. Conclusion mPOA is probably involved in anesthesia induced with propofol and ketamine.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of isoflurane preconditioning on myocardium against isehemia-reperfusion(I/R)injury and the possible mechanism.Methods Fifty male SD rats weighing 250- 300 g were randomly divided into 5 groups(n=10 each):Ⅰ control group(C);Ⅱ I/R group and 3 isoflurane preconditioning groups with 0.5%(Ⅲ),or 1.0%(Ⅳ)or 2.0% isoflurane(Ⅴ).The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal pentobarbital 40 mg?kg~(-1).The hearts were immediately excised and placed in cold K-H solution.The aorta was canuulated and heart retrogradely perfused with K-H solution aerated with 95% O_2 and 5% CO_2 at 37℃ and 10 kPa in a langendorff apparatus.Left ventricular end-diastollc pressure(LVEDP)and left ventrieular systolic pressure(LVSP)were measured from a fluid-filled latex balloon in the left ventricle.The isolated hearts were made globally ischemic for 30 min followed by 60 rain reperfusion in group Ⅱ-Ⅴ.In the 3 isoflurane preconditioning groups the hearts were perfused with K-H solution saturated with 0.5% or 1.0% or 2.0% isoflurane for 15 rain followed by 15 rain washout before ischemia.The cardiac function variables including LVEDP,LVSP dp/dt_(min),dp/dt_(max) and HR were measured after epuilibrium(baseline values),immediately before ischemia,at the end of 30 min ischemia and 60 min reperfusion.The infarct size and cytochrome C level in cytoplasm and mitochondria of myocytes were measured.Results I/R significantly increased LVEDP and decreased LVSP,dp/dt_(min),dp/dt_(max) as compare with control group.Sevoflurane preconditioning significantly attenuated the depression of cardiac function caused by I/R.Only LVEDP was significantly higher during reperfusion period in the 3 sevoflurane preconditioning group than in the control group but there was no significant difference in LVSP,dp/ dt_(min),dp/dt_(max) between control group and the 3 preconditioning groups.The infarct size was significantly smaller in the 3 preconditioning groups than in I/R group.Cytochrome C level was significantly increased in cytoplasm but decreased in mitochondria in I/R group as compared with control group.Sevoflurane preconditioning significantly ameliorated the release of cytochrome C from mitochondria to cytoplasm in the 3 sevoflurane preconditioning group.Conclusion Isoflurane preconditioning can protect the heart against I/R injury by attenuation of the release of cytochrone C from mitochondria to cytoplasm.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of propofol preconditioning on myocardium against hypothermia ischemia normothermia reperfusion injury on isolated rat hearts. Methods The Langendorff apparatus was used.Sixty SD rat hearts were divided randomly into 5 groups after 20-minute equilibrium(n=12): control(Con) group,hearts were continually perfused with K-H buffer for 175 min;ischemia/reperfusion(I/R) group,hearts were perfused with K-H buffer for 40 min,then subjected to global ischemia at 27 ℃ for 75 min,and followed reperfusion at 37 ℃ for 60 min;propofol preconditioning group 1(P1),group 2(P2),and group 3(P3),hearts were perfused with K-H buffer including 50,100,and 150 ?mol/L propofol for 10 min and followed reperfusion like I/R group,respectively.Heart rate(HR),left ventricular end-diastolic pressure(LVEDP), left ventricular developed pressure(LVDP) and ?dp/dtmax at the end of equilibration,pre-ischemia and at the end of reperfusion were recorded.The contents of creatine kinase(CK) and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) in coronary effluent were measured at the end of equilibration and 1,10,20,30,and 60 min during reperfusion.The activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and the contents of maleic dialdehyde(MDA) were measured at the end of reperfusion.The area of infarct region was determined at the end of reperfusion. Results HR,LVDP,?dp/dtmax and SOD activity in P2 and P3 group were higher than those in I/R group(P

Objective To analyze of pathogenic bacteria of pulmonary infection in patients with terminal cancer.Methods The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed including the general cultivation of pathogenic bac-teria in sputum and the results of drug sensitivity of hospitalization of patients with lung cancer from July 2013 to May 2014.Results 132 strains of pathogenic bacteria were cultured from120 cases of patients with pulmonary infection, including gram-negative bacilli accounted for the vast majority of 27.3%,accounted for 59.8% of Gram-positive coc-ci,Ranked in the top 5 pathogenic bacteria were Streptococcus pneumoniae,Staphylococcus aureus,Candida albicans, Klebsiella pneumoniae,there arevarying degrees of resistance to commonly used antibiotics in bacteria.Conclusion Selecting and using the antimicrobial agents according to the results of pathogen detection in patients,could improve the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment and reduce bacterial resistance.

Afferent Pathways ; anatomy & histology ; Animals ; Female ; Ganglia, Spinal ; anatomy & histology ; Neurons, Afferent ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Urinary Bladder ; innervation

Thorough excavation and artful utilization of various kinds concrete and invisible learning resources contribute to the cultivation of excellent postgraduates.In postgraduate education of anesthesiology Xuzhou Medical College utilizes time,network,technique platform,research outcome,self-potentiality and clinical patients resources,which produces an active effect and has important instructional significance.

OBJECTIVE To explore a novel pH-sensitive fluorescent probe for in vivo tumor imaging. METHODS Zn5 were obtained in 140℃ after mixed with MeOH, water, Zn(NO3)2 · 6H2O, H4L and trimethylamine. The fluorescence spectra of Zn5 with the same concentration in different pH aqueous solutions were detected. And the stability of Zn5 was investigated by time dependent fluorescence emission spectra of Zn5 in BSA aqueous solution and 5.0% serum solution. Then, the cytotoxicity of Zn5 was detected by MTT assays. To clarify whether a similar fluorescence response occurs in biological organisms, HeLa cells were pretreated with probe Zn5 (0.5 μmol·L- 1) and fluorescence imaging were collected for targeting lysosomes in living cells because of lysosomes' acidic microenvironment. The A375 tumor-bearing mice were used to assess the imaging ability of Zn5 in vivo. Mouse tumor xenografts were established by injection of A375 cells with 2×106 cells per flank. Probe (1 μg·g-1) was administered to mice by injection. Images were obtained using IVIS Spectrum CT Imaging System. RESULTS There is a 11-fold intensity increasing as the pH values changing from 8 to 2. The almost unchanged emission intensities suggest Zn5 is stable in both BSA and serum. Zn5 has negligible cytotoxicity for HeLa, 293T and CHO-K1 cells. Zn5 can selectively display lysosomes in living cells. Both the 2D and 3D images in vivo distinguish the tumor from other tissues with good fluorescence contrast. CONCLUSION The high chemical stability, emission in the Vis/NIR range, pH sensitivity, a pKa located in the tumor pH range, and low toxicity make Zn5 is suitable for application as a pH- sensitive fluorescent probe for bio-imaging.

Objective To investigate the effect of intrathecal(IT)mibefradil on the mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia following chronic compression of dorsal mot ganglion(CCD)in rats,trying to elucidate the role of T-type calcium channels in the nociceptive signal transmission at spinal level.Methods Forty-eight male SD rats weighing 230-250 g were randomly divided into 6 groups(n=8 each):group Ⅰ sham operation;group Ⅱ CCD;group Ⅲ CCD+normal saline(N.S.)and group Ⅳ,Ⅴ,Ⅵ CCD+mibefradil 50 ?g(Ⅳ),100 ?g (Ⅴ),200 ?g(Ⅵ).The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal(IP)1% pentobarbital 40 mg?kg~(-1). Intrathecal catheter was placed according to the technique described by Yaksh et al.Five days after IT catheter placement L_4 and I_5 dorsal root ganglion(DRG)compression(CCD)was performed in group Ⅱ-Ⅵ.In sham operation group(Ⅰ)only L_(4-5) transverse processes and intervertebral foramina were exposed but DRGs were not compressed.In group Ⅳ,Ⅴ,and Ⅵ 5 days after CCD model was established a bolus of mibefradil 50,100 and 200 ?g in 10 ?l NS was given IT.In group Ⅲ NS 10 ?l was given IT instead of mibefradil.Mechanical withdrawal threshold(MWT)using Von Frey filament and thermal withdrawal latency(TWL)using radiant heat applied to the plantar surface were measured before CCD(baseline)and 1,3,5,7,14 and 21 days after CCD in group Ⅰ and Ⅱ and before and 30,60,120,240 and 480 min after IT mibefradil in group Ⅲ-Ⅵ.Results The animals in group Ⅱ(CCD group)developed mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia from the 1st day after operation to the end of the experiment.IT mibefradil 50,100 and 200 ?g can all attenuate both mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia induced by CCD.Conclusion Spinal T-type calcium channel may play an important role in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain.

OBJECTIVE:To analyze the cost-effectiveness of3kinds of Chinese patent drugs in the treatment of insomnia outpatients.METHODS:78outpatients with insomnia were randomly divided into group A,group B and group C,and they were treated with shumian capsule,sweet dream capsule and compound semen ziziphi spinosae capsule,respectively,then,cost-effectiveness analysis was carried out with pharmacoeconomics.RESULTS:The per capita costs(C)for group A,B and C were288.20yuan,163.08yuan and139.22yuan respectively,the reduction in PSQI scores(E 1 )were5.15,8.88and11.84respectively,the effective rates(E 2 )were26%,46%,and64%respectively;The average cost-effect ratios C/E 1 were55.96,18.36,and11.76respectively;C/E 2 were11.08,3.55,and2.18respectively;The increment of the cost-effect ratios?C/?E 1 for group A and B were—22.27and—8.06respectively;?C/?E 2 were—3.92,—1.33respectively,as compared with group C.CONCLUSION:Compound semen ziziphi spinosae capsule is more economical in3drugs in treating insomnia outpatients.

Objective Hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) is a life-threatening neonatal disease during perinatal stage. Since excitatory amino acids (EAAs) and their receptors are involved in the pathogenesis. Sodium hydroxybutyrate ( r-OH ), an intermediate metabolite of GABA, may have beneficial effects on HIBD. Methods One-hundred seven-day (7d) SD rat pups were randomly assigned to one of three groups:(Ⅰ) control group (n= 20);(Ⅱ) sham operation group (n=20)and (Ⅲ) r-OH group which was further divided into 3 subgroups according to the dose of r-OH 50 mg?kg-1 (r-OH1) (n=20),100 mg?kg-1 (r-OH2) (n=20),200mg?kg-1 (r-OH3) ( n=20).Animals in control group and r-OH group were subjected to left carotid artery ligation followed by 2 h of hypoxia (O2 :N2=8%:92%).Normal saline ( NS) was administered ip immediately after sham operation or hypoxia,then 3 times a day for 7 days in group Ⅰ and Ⅱ.In r-OH group r-OH was administered ip instead of NS. Brain damage was evaluated by survival rate, pathology, the ratio of weight of left to right hemisphere on the 28 th day after ischemia-hypoxia and the capacity of learning and memory using Y-Maze test. Results (1) The survival rate on the 28 th day after hypoxia or sham operation was significant lower in control group (60%) than that in the other groups (85%-95% ) (P