As an important resource for a country to participate in international high-tech competition in the bio-pharma-ceutical field, clinical research resources play a key role in the multi-center clinical research and the translation from basic research to clinical practice.China has a large population and diverse diseases, but chinical disease research relevant policies and regulations are imperfect.In contrast, the United States has perfect laws and regulations related to clinical research.By comparatively analyzing the disease resource, platform support and regulatory environment between China and the U.S., this article offers suggestions on the development of clinical research resources so as to facilitate the clinical research in China.

In October 2015 ,the White House issued a New Strategy for American Innovation which was also concerned with precision medicine initiative , BRAIN initiative and health care .This paper introduces the background , main content and developments of this new strategy ,hoping to facilitate the development of healthcare in China .

Objective To find out about the demands of health education in the border defense army .Methods A self-made questionaire was used to investigate both the demand of health education in the border defense army and the knowledge-attitude-practice of health .Comprehensive evaluation was conducted on the spectrum of disease in hospitals of border defense army in the previous year .Results Mental health (63.605%), lifestyle (53.829%) and knowledge on occupational protection (41.375%) were the most needed knowledge in the border defense army .Videos and lectures were the means of health education , accounting for respectively 69 .368%and 42 .936%.The total rate of awareness of knowl-edge about health education reached 64.156%.The total rates of holding health attitude and health behavior were 80.765%and 49.113%, respectively.Recently, intervertebral disc disorders,arthritis and other injuries (dislocation, sprain and strain ) were atop the disease spectrum at border defense hospitals .Conclusion Knowledge of mental health , lifestyle and occupational protection along with videos and lectures are the most urgent demand of the border defense army . What needs to be done right away is to improve the awareness of military occupation protection and develop healthy behaviors .

Objective To investigate the difference of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBP-α) gene induced apoptosis between hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSC) in mice with liver fibrosis.Methods Sixty BALB/c mice were evenly divided into normal group,model group,treatment group,blank control group and negative control group,12 mice in each group.Except the mice of normal control group,the mice of other groups were treated with intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 to establish liver fibrosis mice model.Mice of treatment group,blank control group and negative control group were administrated with C/EBP-α carried adenovirus (Ad-C/EBP-α),phosphate buffered solution and empty vector of adenovirus (Ad-EGFP) respectively through tail vein for the first week.The expression of C/EBP-α and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was detected by immunohistochemistry method.Sinusoidal endothelial structure of peri-portal regions and far from portal regions was observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM).Terminal dexynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) was applied to detect apoptosis of cells in liver tissue.The degree of liver fibrosis in mice was determined with sirius red staining and hydroxyproline content measurement.Single factor variance analysis was performed for comparison among multiple groups,and t test was used for comparison between two groups.Results C/EBP-α was expressed in nucleus of hepatocyte in normal control group mice.The expression decreased in model group,blank control group and negative control group.However,the expression of C/EBP-α of treatment group increased,and mainly expressed in cells located in perisinusoidal and perivascular.Hepatic sinusoids was distorted,blood vessel wall thickened.Hepatocyte degeneration and lots of lipid droplets was found in model group,blank control group and negative control group.The thicken degree of endothelial layer of blood vessel of treatment group was lower than that of model group.The percentage of sirius red positive cells of normal group,model group,treatment group,blank control group and negative control group was (0.10±0.03)％,(5.81±0.32)％,(2.32±0.45)％,(6.34± 0.81)％ and (6.10± 0.92)％,respectively; content of hydroxyproline was (0.07±0.00) μg/mg,(0.69 ± 0.10) μg/mg,(0.19±0.06) μg/mg,(0.56±0.03) μg/mg and (0.64±0.08) μg/mg,respectively; the percentage of α-SMA positive cells was (0.50 ±0.03)％,(5.30 ± 0.52)％,(2.15 ± 0.29)％,(5.53 ± 0.43) ％ and (5.42 ± 0.25) ％,respectively; the number of TUNEL positive cells was (0.25 ± 0.08),(0.15±0.02),(7.10±1.53),(0.13±0.03) and (0.18±0.07),respectively.The differences between the groups were statistically significant (F=113.74,148.29,292.43 and 140.25,all P＜0.05).The difference between normal group and model group,between model group and treatment group,between treatment group and blank control group,between treatment group and negative control group were statistically significant (tarirus positive cell =-52.54,-16.20,-10.60 and-7.99,thydroxyproline content =-168.00,11.53,11.07 and 12.54,ta SMA pusitive cells-24.77,-13.82,15.94 and 18.37,tTUNEL positive cells =3.26,-11.91,-11.95 and-11.88,all P＜ 0.05),there was no statistically significant difference between model group and blank control group,between model group and negative control group (both P＞0.05).TUNEL positive cells mainly located in perisinusoidal and perivascular of liver in mice,which was consistent with the distribution of α-SMA-positive cells.Conclusion C/EBP-α could effectively relieve CCl4 induced liver fibrosis in mice mainly through inducing HSC apoptosis,however no apoptosis effect on hepatocytes.

Objective To evaluate the risk of the occurrence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and invasive cervical cancer in the oral HPV carriers through a population-based investigation in Shanghai.Methods A total of 1200 cases of outpatients who attended the annual cervical examination and 50 preoperational cases of inpatients with CIN Ⅲ or invasive cervical cancer were enrolled from three clinical centers in Shanghai.The oral HPV infection was determined by real-time PCR.In 1200-case cross-sectional study,the incidence rate of CIN was compared between the oral HPV positive and negative cohort.In 1250-case case-control study,the positive rate of oral HPV DNA test was compared among normal control group,CIN Ⅰ-Ⅲ,and invasive cancer case groups,and all odds ratio (OR) values were calculated,respectively.The HPV transmission-related demographic and behavioral characters of the oral HPV carriers were also analyzed.Results The oral HPV carriers accounted for 5.9％ (71/1200) of the investigated outpatients.The oral HPV DNA positive rates were gradually increased with the cervical disease grades,which were 5.8％ (68/1182,normal),2/13 (CIN Ⅰ),1/5 (CIN Ⅱ),31.4％ (11/35,CIN Ⅲ) and 5/15 (invasive cancer).In cross-sectional cohort studies,the relative risks (RR) of CIN Ⅰ,Ⅱ were 2.9 and 4.0 for oral HPV carriers,respectively.In case-control study,the OR values for CIN Ⅰ-Ⅲ and invasive cervical cancer were 3.1(95％CI:1.6-10.1),4.2(95％CI:1.7-28.4),7.1(95％CI:4.8-19.8) and 10.1 (95％ CI:3.2-32.1),respectively.The oral sex and multi-sexual partner were two major risk factors for the oral and cervical HPV co-infection,HPV-related cervical cancer and precancerous diseases according to behavioral analysis.Conclusions There are complicated transmission pathways between oral and cervicalHPV.Oral HPV carriers should be intensively followed up and their oral HPV infection and HPV-related cervical diseases should be treated together.

Objective To investigate micro-inflammatory state and protein-energy wasting (PEW) states in maintenance peritoneal dialysis(MPD) patients,then analysis of the correlation between them.Methods Ninty-six cases of MPD patients in this Hospital were selected from March 2012 to September 2015.The status of nutrition were assessed by Quantitative Subjective and global Assessment(SGA),malnutrition-inflammation score(MIS) and albumin(Alb),micro-inflammatory state was assessed by enzyme-linked immunoassay(ELISA) method serum hypersensitive c-reactive protein (hs-CRP),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6).At the same time,various serological markers like serum Alb,serum total protein(TP),serum prealbumin(PA),hemoglobin(Hb),transferrin(TF),serum creatinine(Scr),urea nitrogen(BUN),cholesterol(Teh) were measured.Results The incidence of PEW in MPD patients was 36.50％,among which 62.86 ％ of them were over 65 years old,57.10％ were over 2 years of dialysis time and 40.00％ with diabetic nephropathy.MPD patients with hs-CRP＞5 mg/L accounted for 58.33％,of which over 65 year old accounted for 42.86％,MPD age longer than 2 years accounted for 60.71％,32.14％ of them with diabetic nephropathy.The proportion of diabetic nephropathy,average age,dialysis duration time,hs-CRP,TNF-α and IL-6 in PEW group were higher than non-PEW group(P＜0.05);BM,TP,Alb,PA,Hb,TCh,MAC and MAMC were lower ban non-PEW group(P＜0.05).Compared with the hs-CRP≤5 mg/L group,average age,the time of dialysis duration,TNF-α,IL-6 were higher and TP,Alb,PA,TF,Hb,the proportion of Kt/V≥1.72 were lower in the hs-CRP＞5 mg/L group.After the correction of age,sex,dialysis ages,it was found that the level of hs-CRP in MPD patients was negatively correlated with the level of Alb,PA,TF,Tch,Scr,TG;The level of IL-6 was negatively correlated with the levels of Alb,PA,TF,Tch,TG.The level of TNF-α in MPD patients showed different degrees of negative correlation with the leves of Alb,PA,TF,TG,Tch(all P＜0.05).Multivariate analysis showed that elderly,the time of dialysis duration,the microinflammatory state,and hypoalbuminemia were the independent risk factors of PEW.Conclusion PEW and micro-inflammatory state are very common in PHD patients.Patients with longer duration of dialysis,elderly or associated with diabetic nephropathy are more likely to suffer PEW and micro-inflammatory.Elderly,the time of dialysis duration,microinflammatory state,hypoalbuminemia are the independent risk factors of PEW.

Objective To assess the clinical value of dual-energy CT (DECT) Volume software in quantitative analysis of urate crystals.Methods The DECT data of 60 gout patients based on the American College of Rheumatology diagnostic criteria were analyzed retrospectively.The volumes of urate crystals were quantitatively analyzed by using Volume software with two senior radiologists.The results were statistically analyzed.Results Seventy-two joints of 60 gout patients were scanned by DECT.40 of 43 joints had urate crystals in foot and ankle with the average volume of (0.621±0.742) cm3;18 of 19 joints had urate crystals in knee with the average volume of (0.842±1.086) cm3;10 of 10 joints had urate crystals in hand and wrist with the average volume of (0.796±0.583) cm3.There was no statistical difference for volume measurement between two doctors (P>0.05).The volumes of urate crystals in 4 patients with regular medication were reduced.Conclusion Volume software of DECT can quantitatively analyze urate crystals with a good repeatability, which has high application value in clinical diagnosis and treatment monitoring of gout.

Objective: To investigate protective effects of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) on ethanol-induced DNA damage in L02 cells, so as to provide the evidence for adjuvant therapy of NMN on alcoholic liver diseases. Methods: L02 cells were pretreated with different concentrations of NMN (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 mmol/L) for 6 h, and then were exposed to 0.4% ethanol for 12 h. The treated cells were divided into the control group, 0.4% ethanol group and different concentrations of NMN groups. Cell viability was analyzed using trypan blue staining for determining the concentration of NMN as a protective agent. The effects of NMN on ethanol-induced DNA damage in L02 cells were evaluated using immunofluorescence detection and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay. L02 cells were exposed to 0.4% ethanol for 12 h, cultured in a medium containing a protective concentration of NMN, and divided into PBS group and NMN group. Cell viability was detected at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 h, and the effects of NMN on repairing ethanol-induced DNA damage were evaluated by alkaline comet assay. Results: The cell viability was lower in 0.4% ethanol group than than in the control group, and was higher in different concentrations of NMN groups than in 0.4% ethanol group (all P<0.05), with no significant difference in the cells viability between 4 mmol/L and higher concentrations of NMN groups and the control group (all P>0.05). Therefore, 4 mmol/L NMN was selected as a protective agent. The cell tail moments, relative immunofluorescence intensities of γH2AX and relative levels of ROS were higher in 0.4% ethanol group than in the control group, and lower in 4 mmol/L and higher concentrations of NMN groups than in 0.4% ethanol group (all P<0.05). The cell viability was increased and the cell tail moment was shortened with the increase of 4 mmol/L NMN intervention time; and the cell viability in 4 h and more of NMN groups were higher, and the cell tail moment were lower than that in PBS group (all P<0.05). Conclusions NMN attenuates DNA damage in a dose-dependent manner and promotes the repair of DNA damage in a time-dependent manner. NMN has a protective effect on ethanol-induced DNA damage in hepatocytes.

Objective To investigate effect of sitagliptin ( SIT) on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase ( iNOS) and nitric oxide ( NO) in type 2 diabetic nephropathy.Methods 30 rats were randomly divided into normal group (NC group), diabetic nephropathy group (DN group) and sitagliptin treatment group (SIT group).The type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats were induced by a high fat diet (HFD) plus repeated low dose streptozocin (STZ) injections.At the end of the 12th week in treatment,there were 6 rats in each group, the NO level was determined by Griess method.mRNA levels of iNOS RT-PCR was detect ed by.The expression of iNOS protein was detected by western blot and immunohistochemical method. ResuIts Compared with the NC group, the expression of iNOS and NO of DN group increased significantly.However, compared with DN group, the expression of iNOS and NO of SIT group decreased significantly.ConcIusion SIT can decrease the expression of iNOS and NO, which implies SIT may protect the type 2 diabetic kidney.