As a kind of commonly used traditional Chinese medicine, ginseng has a high reputation at home and abroad. The research of ginseng has been expanded to medicine, pharmacy, biology, food science and other fields, with great achievements in recent years. Ginseng contains ginsenosides, volatile oil, carbohydrates, amino acids, polypeptides, inorganic elements and othser chemical constituents. Each component has extensive physiological activity, and is the base of ginseng's effect. After processing, the complicated changes are taken place in the constituents of ginseng, and some new substances produced. This paper aims to review the studies on chemical constituents and their mechanisms during ginseng processing, and the ideas, methods and the direction of the development of traditional Chinese medicine processing in the future.
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Panax ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry

Objective To investigate the effect of sulforaphane on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP +)-induced cell viability loss in cultured PC12 cells and to explore the possible mechanism.Methods MPP + induced damage in PC12 cells was prepared as oxidative damage model.Sulforaphane (0.5,1.O,2.5,5.0 and 10.0 μmol/L) was added in each group cell growth medium.Subsequent experiments were divided into 4 groups:(A) normal control group,(B) sulforaphane group,(C) MPP+ injury group,(D)sulforaphane pretreatment + MPP+ injury group.Cell viability was detected by MTT assay,and the sulforaphane pretreatment PC12 cell viability was observed in different concentrations.Flow cytometry was used to detect changes in the rate of apoptosis in different packet PC12 cells,and protein expression levels of nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor 2 (Nrf2),heme oxygenase (HO-1) and human NAD (P) H dehydrogenase,quinone 1 (NQO1) were detected by Western blot when the PC12 cells were incubated with sulforaphane (2.5 μmol/L) and (or) MPP+ (500 μmol/L) for 24 h in vitro.Results Compared to control group (cell survival rate was 98.70％),the survival percents of PC12 cells were significantly decreased in MPP+-treated group (58.16％).A significant difference was showed between group A and C (F =21.83,P ＜ 0.05),and the cell survival rate in group D was significantly improved.Compared to control group,the rate of apoptosis in MPP+ injury group was increased,and the rate of apoptosis after pretreatment of the sulforaphane was significantly reduced.Compared to MPP+ injury group,the levels of Nrf2,HO-1 and NQO1 protein expression were significantly increased in sulforaphane pretreatment group.Conclusion Sulforaphane have a protective effect against MPP+-induced PC12 cell model damage,and the protective effect may be achieved by activating the Nrf2-antioxidant response element pathway.

Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Fever ; Humans ; Leukoencephalitis, Acute Hemorrhagic ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Male ; Prognosis

Chemoembolization, Therapeutic ; adverse effects ; methods ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Infant ; Kidney Neoplasms ; therapy ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Wilms Tumor ; therapy

Objective To investigate the current situation of the prevention and contml of iodine deficiency disorders(IDD)in Hubei Province,SO as to provide a policy.making basis for controlling work of IDD. Methods Using the method of proportional population sampling(PPS),30 eounties were seiected in Hubei Province.In each selected county,1 primary school was chosen.In every primary school,40 pupil8 aged 8～10 years were selected to examine thyroid size,intelligent quotient(IQ),and salt iodine contents at their home.In the selected pupils,2 boys and 2 girls were chosen to determine their urinary iodine contents in each age grouD.Twenty pupils in the above school and 5 housewives ileal"to this school were tested in health education questionnaire. Results The median of salt iodine was 30.1 mg/kg,and the rate of comsuming qualified iodized salt was 96.2% (1154/1200).The rates ofchild goiter were 6.5%(78/1200)by palpation and 4.1%(49/1200)by B ultrasound.The median of urinary iodine Was 358.4μg/L and mean of the IQ was 105.3±14.4.The rate of qualified scores of both students and housewives Was 25.5%(153/600)、90.7%(136/150).Conclusions The current Bituation of iedine nutrition is good.The goal of eliminating IDD has been achieved in Hubei Province.

Objective To investigate the imaging manifestations of lung neoplasms in pre- and post- treatment with CT-guided Argon-Helium cryoablation.Methods All the lung neoplasms in 96 patients have been treated with CT-guided percutaneous Argon-Helium targeted cryoablation.All patients have pre- and post-treatment CT scanning in measurement of lesion size and CT value.The CT scanning has been rerpeated afterl,3,6,12 months of treatment.Results Among total 96 cases,there are 82 cases of lung cancer and 14 cases of metastasis with 110 lesions(89 cases with single lesion,7 cases with multiple lesions).The Ar-He cryoablation has been given 103 times in total.The size of each lesion ranged from 1.2 cm to 15.0 cm in diameter with mean value of(4.0?2.5)cm,including 12 lesions less than 2 cm,51 lesions between 2— 4 cm,24 lesions between 4—6 cm,23 lesions over 6 cm.There are 25 patients whose lesions covered by iceball with 1 cm of overloaping it's margin.There are 63 lesions with diameter less than 4 cm gained 100% ablation rate,24 lesions with 4—6 cm diameter gained 95.8% ablation rate,and 23 lesions with over 6 cm diameter gained 69.6% ablation rate.The post-treatment CT show a progressively enlarged round,low density refrigerant area which clearly demarked with non- refrigerant area.The center of each refrigerant area has negative CT value,the mean decreased CT value of lesion instantly after the treatment are about 30— 50 HU with P

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) reference standards plays an important role in the quality control of Chinese herbal pieces. This paper overviewed the development of TCM reference standards. By analyzing the 2010 edition of Chinese pharmacopoeia, the application of TCM reference standards in the quality control of Chinese herbal pieces was summarized, and the problems exiting in the system were put forward. In the process of improving the quality control level of Chinese herbal pieces, various kinds of advanced methods and technology should be used to research the characteristic reference standards of Chinese herbal pieces, more and more reasonable reference standards should be introduced in the quality control system of Chinese herbal pieces. This article discussed the solutions in the aspect of TCM reference standards, and future development of quality control on Chinese herbal pieces is prospected.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; standards ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; standards ; Quality Control ; Reference Standards

The presence of serum in a culture medium makes it impossible to identify whether changed cellular functions are directly caused by a manipulation itself or mediated by a component in serum. Madin Darby canine kidney cells can survive in a serum-free medium for about 48 h. We took this advantage to examine whether low K(+)-induced up-regulation of Na,K-ATPase requires serum. We found that serum was essential for low K(+) to induce an increase in Na,K-ATPase binding sites as quantified by ouabain factor binding assays. In an attempt to identify which component was critical, we screened EGF, IGF1, PGE1 and transferrin to identify which one can replace serum. We discovered that transferrin was the single most important factor that mimicked about 80% to 90% of the effect of serum. Transferrin potentiated the effect of low K(+) on the Na,K-ATPase binding sites in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, transferrin was also required for low K(+)-induced increase in alpha(1)-promoter activity, alpha(1)- and beta(1)-subunit protein abundance of the Na,K-ATPase. In the presence of transferrin, low K(+) enhanced cellular uptake of iron approximately by 70%. Inhibition of intracellular iron activity by deferoxamine (30 micromol/L) abrogated the effect of low K(+). We conclude that stimulation of the Na,K-ATPase by low K(+) is critically dependent on transferrin. The effect of transferrin is mediated by increased iron transport.
Animals ; Cell Line ; Culture Media, Serum-Free ; Dogs ; Kidney ; cytology ; Potassium ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Transferrin ; metabolism ; pharmacology

AIMTo investigate the effects of a nutritional supplement on nutritional status and hypoxia endurance in young adults living at high altitude.

METHODSForty healthy male young adults were recruited and randomly assigned to control and intervention groups. The nutrition survey was carried out using weighing method. The intervention group was given a nutritional supplement specifically designed for use at high altitude, while the control group was treated with a supplement made of stir-fried flour. After 20 days of supplementation, they marched from the altitude of 3700 m to 5100 m. The changes in HR, SaO2, serum concentrations of VA and VB2 and some minerals were measured.

RESULTSThe results of nutrition survey showed that the ratio of three macronutrients was not adequate and the intakes of calcium, VA and VB2 were below Chinese RNI. The serum concentrations of calcium, magnesium and VA were below normal references. The serum VB2 concentration was at the low level o f normal reference. The nutritional supplement could increase the serum concentrations of calcium, magnesium, VA and VB2, indicating an improved nutritional status. The changes in HR and SaO2 were diminished in intervention group compared with control group.

CONCLUSIONThe nutritional supplement can improve nutritional status and increase the hypoxia endurance in young adults living at high altitude.

Adult ; Altitude ; Dietary Supplements ; Humans ; Hypoxia ; prevention & control ; Male ; Nutritional Status ; Vitamins ; therapeutic use

OBJECTIVETo assess the effect of the balloon valvuloplasty for congenital valvular aortic stenosis (AS) in children.

METHODSA total of twenty one children with AS accepted the treatment of percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty (PBAV). One of them complicated with PDA underwent PDA closure by using Amplatzer occluder in the mean time. PBAV could not be accomplished in 3 cases because the catheter could not be advanced into left ventricle and PBAV was not performed in 2 cases due to the gradient pressures across aortic valves less than 50 mm Hg (1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa). The procedure was completed in 16 cases. The ratios of balloon/valve were 0.98 +/- 0.04 (0.92 - 1.10).

RESULTS13 cases had more than 50% gradient reduction (81.25%), 2 had 40% - 50% gradient reduction. The follow up period ranged from 3 months to 5 years. The gradient pressures rose to more than 50 mm Hg after follow up in 3 cases and they underwent repeat balloon valvuloplasty procedure or were operated successfully. There was no moderate to severe aortic insufficiency (AI).

CONCLUSIONThe result of balloon aortic valvuloplasty showed the significant hemodynamic improvement with relative safety in pediatric patients. PBAV provides another choice in comparison with surgery.

Adolescent ; Aortic Valve Stenosis ; congenital ; therapy ; Catheterization ; methods ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male