As a kind of commonly used traditional Chinese medicine, ginseng has a high reputation at home and abroad. The research of ginseng has been expanded to medicine, pharmacy, biology, food science and other fields, with great achievements in recent years. Ginseng contains ginsenosides, volatile oil, carbohydrates, amino acids, polypeptides, inorganic elements and othser chemical constituents. Each component has extensive physiological activity, and is the base of ginseng's effect. After processing, the complicated changes are taken place in the constituents of ginseng, and some new substances produced. This paper aims to review the studies on chemical constituents and their mechanisms during ginseng processing, and the ideas, methods and the direction of the development of traditional Chinese medicine processing in the future.
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Panax ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry

Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Fever ; Humans ; Leukoencephalitis, Acute Hemorrhagic ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Male ; Prognosis

Objective To investigate the effect of sulforaphane on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP +)-induced cell viability loss in cultured PC12 cells and to explore the possible mechanism.Methods MPP + induced damage in PC12 cells was prepared as oxidative damage model.Sulforaphane (0.5,1.O,2.5,5.0 and 10.0 μmol/L) was added in each group cell growth medium.Subsequent experiments were divided into 4 groups:(A) normal control group,(B) sulforaphane group,(C) MPP+ injury group,(D)sulforaphane pretreatment + MPP+ injury group.Cell viability was detected by MTT assay,and the sulforaphane pretreatment PC12 cell viability was observed in different concentrations.Flow cytometry was used to detect changes in the rate of apoptosis in different packet PC12 cells,and protein expression levels of nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor 2 (Nrf2),heme oxygenase (HO-1) and human NAD (P) H dehydrogenase,quinone 1 (NQO1) were detected by Western blot when the PC12 cells were incubated with sulforaphane (2.5 μmol/L) and (or) MPP+ (500 μmol/L) for 24 h in vitro.Results Compared to control group (cell survival rate was 98.70％),the survival percents of PC12 cells were significantly decreased in MPP+-treated group (58.16％).A significant difference was showed between group A and C (F =21.83,P ＜ 0.05),and the cell survival rate in group D was significantly improved.Compared to control group,the rate of apoptosis in MPP+ injury group was increased,and the rate of apoptosis after pretreatment of the sulforaphane was significantly reduced.Compared to MPP+ injury group,the levels of Nrf2,HO-1 and NQO1 protein expression were significantly increased in sulforaphane pretreatment group.Conclusion Sulforaphane have a protective effect against MPP+-induced PC12 cell model damage,and the protective effect may be achieved by activating the Nrf2-antioxidant response element pathway.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) reference standards plays an important role in the quality control of Chinese herbal pieces. This paper overviewed the development of TCM reference standards. By analyzing the 2010 edition of Chinese pharmacopoeia, the application of TCM reference standards in the quality control of Chinese herbal pieces was summarized, and the problems exiting in the system were put forward. In the process of improving the quality control level of Chinese herbal pieces, various kinds of advanced methods and technology should be used to research the characteristic reference standards of Chinese herbal pieces, more and more reasonable reference standards should be introduced in the quality control system of Chinese herbal pieces. This article discussed the solutions in the aspect of TCM reference standards, and future development of quality control on Chinese herbal pieces is prospected.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; standards ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; standards ; Quality Control ; Reference Standards

Chemoembolization, Therapeutic ; adverse effects ; methods ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Infant ; Kidney Neoplasms ; therapy ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Wilms Tumor ; therapy

Objective To investigate the imaging manifestations of lung neoplasms in pre- and post- treatment with CT-guided Argon-Helium cryoablation.Methods All the lung neoplasms in 96 patients have been treated with CT-guided percutaneous Argon-Helium targeted cryoablation.All patients have pre- and post-treatment CT scanning in measurement of lesion size and CT value.The CT scanning has been rerpeated afterl,3,6,12 months of treatment.Results Among total 96 cases,there are 82 cases of lung cancer and 14 cases of metastasis with 110 lesions(89 cases with single lesion,7 cases with multiple lesions).The Ar-He cryoablation has been given 103 times in total.The size of each lesion ranged from 1.2 cm to 15.0 cm in diameter with mean value of(4.0?2.5)cm,including 12 lesions less than 2 cm,51 lesions between 2— 4 cm,24 lesions between 4—6 cm,23 lesions over 6 cm.There are 25 patients whose lesions covered by iceball with 1 cm of overloaping it's margin.There are 63 lesions with diameter less than 4 cm gained 100% ablation rate,24 lesions with 4—6 cm diameter gained 95.8% ablation rate,and 23 lesions with over 6 cm diameter gained 69.6% ablation rate.The post-treatment CT show a progressively enlarged round,low density refrigerant area which clearly demarked with non- refrigerant area.The center of each refrigerant area has negative CT value,the mean decreased CT value of lesion instantly after the treatment are about 30— 50 HU with P

Objective To investigate the current situation of the prevention and contml of iodine deficiency disorders(IDD)in Hubei Province,SO as to provide a policy.making basis for controlling work of IDD. Methods Using the method of proportional population sampling(PPS),30 eounties were seiected in Hubei Province.In each selected county,1 primary school was chosen.In every primary school,40 pupil8 aged 8～10 years were selected to examine thyroid size,intelligent quotient(IQ),and salt iodine contents at their home.In the selected pupils,2 boys and 2 girls were chosen to determine their urinary iodine contents in each age grouD.Twenty pupils in the above school and 5 housewives ileal"to this school were tested in health education questionnaire. Results The median of salt iodine was 30.1 mg/kg,and the rate of comsuming qualified iodized salt was 96.2% (1154/1200).The rates ofchild goiter were 6.5%(78/1200)by palpation and 4.1%(49/1200)by B ultrasound.The median of urinary iodine Was 358.4μg/L and mean of the IQ was 105.3±14.4.The rate of qualified scores of both students and housewives Was 25.5%(153/600)、90.7%(136/150).Conclusions The current Bituation of iedine nutrition is good.The goal of eliminating IDD has been achieved in Hubei Province.

The presence of serum in a culture medium makes it impossible to identify whether changed cellular functions are directly caused by a manipulation itself or mediated by a component in serum. Madin Darby canine kidney cells can survive in a serum-free medium for about 48 h. We took this advantage to examine whether low K(+)-induced up-regulation of Na,K-ATPase requires serum. We found that serum was essential for low K(+) to induce an increase in Na,K-ATPase binding sites as quantified by ouabain factor binding assays. In an attempt to identify which component was critical, we screened EGF, IGF1, PGE1 and transferrin to identify which one can replace serum. We discovered that transferrin was the single most important factor that mimicked about 80% to 90% of the effect of serum. Transferrin potentiated the effect of low K(+) on the Na,K-ATPase binding sites in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, transferrin was also required for low K(+)-induced increase in alpha(1)-promoter activity, alpha(1)- and beta(1)-subunit protein abundance of the Na,K-ATPase. In the presence of transferrin, low K(+) enhanced cellular uptake of iron approximately by 70%. Inhibition of intracellular iron activity by deferoxamine (30 micromol/L) abrogated the effect of low K(+). We conclude that stimulation of the Na,K-ATPase by low K(+) is critically dependent on transferrin. The effect of transferrin is mediated by increased iron transport.
Animals ; Cell Line ; Culture Media, Serum-Free ; Dogs ; Kidney ; cytology ; Potassium ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Transferrin ; metabolism ; pharmacology

This study was aimed to investigate the efficiency of modified methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction i.e. nested methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, used to detect the promoter methylation of p16 gene in six hematological malignant cell lines, and to explore the application in selection of hematological malignant cell lines with promoter hypermethylation, and make them to be an idel cell models for studying the relationship between gene methylation and expression. DNAs were denatured by NaOH and then were subjected to bisulfite modification and a nested-MSP was used to amplify the promoter region, nested MSP product of p16 gene promoter was analyzed and sequenced. The results showed that the hypermethylation of p16 gene was detected in CA46 and U266, however, Molt4, K562, HL-60 and Jurkat cell lines were unmethylated. In conclusion, p16 gene methylation in hematological malignant cell lines can be perfectly detected by nested-MSP method, which is simple, sensitive and specific for screening all kinds of hematological malignant cell lines with p16 gene methylated.
Base Sequence ; Cell Line, Tumor ; DNA Methylation ; Genes, p16 ; HL-60 Cells ; Hematologic Neoplasms ; genetics ; pathology ; Humans ; K562 Cells ; Lymphoma ; genetics ; pathology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effect and risk of misoprostol for stimulating cervical maturity in women with post-term pregnancy negative for insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) in cervical secretion with modified Bishop score less than 3.

METHODSSeventy-one women with post-term pregnancy randomized into misoprostol group (n=37) and control group (n=34) received misoprostol placement at the posterior vaginal fornix and routine intravenous oxytocin infusion, respectively, to stimulate cervical maturity. Failure to respond to the treatment within the initial 24 h necessitated a repeated administration for no more than 3 times in all. Modified Bishop score was recorded and fetal heart monitored once every 24 h, and IGFBP-1 in the cervical secretion was detected at 24 and 48 h after drug administration.

RESULTSThe misoprostol group showed better effect of cervical maturity stimulation than the control group (P<0.001), and the positivity rates of IGFBP-1 24 and 48 h after drug administration were significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.01 and 0.001). The number of cases with indication for cesarean section was significant higher in the control group (P<0.001). There were no significant differences in postpartum hemorrhage, excessive uterine contraction, incidence of fecal contamination of the amniotic fluid or Apgar score of the newborn between the two groups (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONSMisoprostol is safe and effective for stimulating cervical maturity in women with post-term pregnancy who have modified Bishop score lower than 3 and are negative for IGPBF-1 in cervical secretion. Oxytocin is not advised for use in such gravida for stimulating cervical maturity. IGFBP-1 in cervical secretion may serve as an important index for evaluating the cervical maturity.

Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Administration, Intravaginal ; Adult ; Cervical Ripening ; drug effects ; Cervix Uteri ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Female ; Heart Rate, Fetal ; drug effects ; Humans ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1 ; metabolism ; Misoprostol ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Prolonged ; drug therapy ; Treatment Outcome