Animals ; Child ; China ; Dairy Products ; Diet ; Health Promotion ; methods ; Health Status ; Humans ; Nutritional Status ; Nutritive Value

Nonclinical evaluation of vaccines is an important part of innovative vaccine research and development. Information on vaccine efficacy and safety is obtained through nonclinical research to support the clinical development and licensure of the vaccine. In this paper, combined with existing vaccine evaluation experience, the strategies, considerations and concerns of vaccine nonclinical evaluation are summarized by consulting the relevant domestic and foreign literature and guidelines of vaccine nonclinical evaluation in recent years, so as to provide a reference for vaccine researchers. Because of the different characteristics and concerns of therapeutic vaccines, the discussion in this paper mainly focuses on innovative preventive vaccines.

Purpose:To compare old and new clinical staging of primary liver cancre. Methods:317 cases of primary liver cancer(PLC) patients,hospita lized and dead,were investigated retrospectively for overall median survival and survival after various therapies,according to various stages,and therapies and comparison among groups and test of median survival were carried out. Results:Survival in patients with new stage Ⅱa+Ⅱb or old Ⅱw ere significantly longer than newⅢa+Ⅲb or oldⅢ, but no significant differenc es were observed between new stageⅡa+Ⅱb and oldⅡ , or new stage Ⅲa+Ⅲb and oldⅢ. Median survival by new staging , decreased in peoper order from stageⅡ a ,Ⅱb , Ⅲa to Ⅲb respectively, significant different was found only between s tage Ⅲa and Ⅲb but not betweenⅡa andⅡb . Survival decreased respectively fr om interventional treatment ,systemic chemotherapy and palliative therapy;the in terventional treatment group did much better than the palliative group but no si milar differences were observed in the other groups. Conclusions:New clinical staging of PLC did not show significan t superiorly over the old one as judged by median survival.It can be questioned whether basing on largest diameter is less than 5/10 cm or more than 10 cm to di stinguish Ⅱa and Ⅱb is valid.Interventional treatment should be applied as soo n as possible to prolong survival whether it be the new or old clinical staging.

Objective:To evaluate communication ability of medical students and try to construct communica-tion education mode of medical students .Methods:Scale and questionnaire are used to survey 1389 medical students , a radar map is used to evaluate the communication and interviewing related personnal , domestic and over-seas pertinent literature data were browsed and analyzed .Results:Medical students′communication ability level is general , lack of communication of knowledge; The need to build on the basis of doctor -patient communication training mode diversification .Conclusions:Medical schools should attach importance to training the students′com-munication ability and try to construct all -sided education mode and improve medical students′ability of doctor-patient communication .

analysis on 103 cases of spontaneous pneumothorax patients between September, 2012 and December,2014. Then the patients were randomly divided into two groups according to the different therapies on pulmonary bulla, 52 in GIA surgical stapler group and 51 in ligature group. Comparison: The postoperative situations of the two groups.Results: The operation time and intraoperative bleeding volume of observation group are obvious less than control group(t=7.58,t=16.87;P<0.01), but oxygen saturation of observation group is obvious higher than control group(t=1.34,P<0.01). The operation fee of observation group is obvious higher than control group(t=38.26, P<0.01).2 cases of postoperative recurrence in observation group(3.84%), but 10 cases in control group(19.60%).The two recurrence rates have statistical significance(x2=4.77,P<0.05). The postoperative complications incidence is 5.77% in observation group,but 21.56% in control group.The two The postoperative complications incidences have statistical significance(x2=5.47,P<0.05).Conclusion: As opposed to ligature, under the therapy for spontaneous pneumothorax with GIA surgical stapler by thoracoscopy, the operation time is shorter, intraoperative bleeding volume is less, and recurrence rate is lower in 2 years. Ligature fits the sporadic pulmonary bulla patients.

Acute kidney injury( AKI) is a variety of causes leading to rapid impaired renal function, causing glomerular filtration rate reduced,blood urea nitrogen elevated,serum creatinine increased,urine out-put decreased,resulting in the disorder of the human body environment,so the body can not maintain homeo-stasis. AKI increases the risk of mortality and chronic kidney disease in neonate. To understand the progress of AKI on diagnostic criteria,pathogenesis,early biomarker,treatment and prognosis,it is extremely important to guide clinical diagnosis and treatment,improve the outcome and reduce the mortality of AKI in neonate.

Objective To investigate the effect of ramipril on urinary protein in elderly type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy in different periods.Methods 120 type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy (64 males, 56 females) with mean aged (68±3) years were randomized into treatment group and control group (n =60, each).According to test results of 24 h proteinuria and renal function, they were divided into 3 subgroups: the normal urine albumin (normal control) group, the early diabetic nephropathy group, and the clinical diabetic nephropathy group.The control group received conventional treatment, while the treatment group used conventional treatment combined with ramipril 2.5 mg/d.Both groups had treatment course of 3 months.The changes in 24 h urinary total protein and urinary albumin before and 1 and 3 months after treatment, and the changes in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels in patients with renal dysfunction before and 3 months after treatment were observed and compared.Results 24 h urinary total protein and urinary albumin were significantly decreased along with the extended treatment time (P＜0.05 or 0.01).The blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels were significantly declined at 3 months after treatment versus pre-treatment (P＜0.05 for both).There were no significant differences in 24h urinary total protein and urinary albumin in control group before versus after treatment (P＞0.05 for both).At 1 and 3 months after treatment, there were significant differences both in the decrement of 24h urinary total protein and urinary albumin, and in the blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels between the clinical diabetic nephropathy treatment group and the control group (P＜0.05 or 0.01).Conclusions Ramipril combined with conventional treatment can effectively reduce proteinuria and promote the recovery of renal function for type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy.

The concept of far lateral lumbar disc herniation was firstly reported by Abdullah in 1974. The diagnosis of far lateral lumbar disc herniation is based on the discography findings as well as on clinical manifestations. Far lateral lumbar disc herniation is a special type of lumbar disc herniation. Clinically, far lateral lumbar disc herniation is less seen than other types of lumbar disc herniation, it accounts for 0.7%-11.7% of total lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion. Although the incidence of far lateral lumbar disc herniation is lower, its symptoms are usually heavier and its protrusion sites are specific. Its treatment methods are more complex, including mainly conservative treatment, minimally invasive interventional therapy and surgical management, etc. This paper aims to make a review about the recent progress in its corresponding treatment.

Objective To improve the radiographic knowlege of amyloidosis in thorax.Methods The clinical data and imaging findings(including Ultrasound,X-ray ,CT)of 3 cases proved pathologically were analyzed retrospectively.Results Imaging findings of amyloidosis in thoray included thinkening of broncho-tracheal wall obstructive atelectasis,pleural effusion,pleural thinkening,pulmonary interstitical involvement,thinkening of ventricular walls.Conclusion Though the imaging examination provides some help in diagnosting amyloidosis in thorax but it should be based on pathological evidence.

Objective: To study the relation of condylar morphology with different vertical facial types in the development of patients with skeletal Ⅲ malocclusions. Methods:180 cases with skeletal Ⅲ malocclusion were divided into children(5-11 years old), adolescence(12-17 years old) and adult(18-30 years old) groups with 60 cases in each group. Orthopantomograms of the patients with different vertical facial types were retrospectively investigated by computerized cephalometric analysis. Condylar morphology were compared among different age groups of the same vertical facial type. Results:In patients with high angle, ramus height(RH) was getting bigger with ageing(P0.05). In patients with low angle h and RH in adult group were bigger than those in adolescence or in children(P