Introduction:Cutaneous adverse drug reactions are one of the most common adverse drug reactions. Publicationson clinical correlation between cutaneous presentations and causative agents are limited among thelocal population. This study aims to determine the clinical presentations of cutaneous adverse drugreactions and the causative drugs in the local population.Methods:A retrospective, cross sectional study was conducted from the pharmacy cutaneous adverse drugreaction database from January 2014 to December 2016 in Tawau, Keningau & Queen Elizabeth (KotaKinabalu) Hospitals.Results:A total of 859 cases of cutaneous adverse drug reactions were identified. Out of these, 53.3% (n=458)were females and 46.7% (n=401) were males. The mean age was 36 years old. Majority of patients were20-29 years old (16.6%) followed by 50-59 years old (15.1%). Most of the cases were reported amongthe Chinese community (16.4%), followed by the Malay (15.9%), Dusun (14.7%) and Bajau (14.0%)populations. The most common cutaneous manifestations were urticaria and or angioedema (49%, n=421) and maculopapular rash (39.6%, n=340). Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCAR) constituted2.8% in total. The major causative agent was antibiotic which accounted for 55.1% (n=473), followedby nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 28.1% (n=241) and analgesics, 10.8% (n=93).Conclusion:The types of cutaneous manifestations and causative drugs in Sabah are similar to those reported inother states of the country and abroad. This study provides evidence of local cutaneous adverse drugreaction characteristics in different ethnic group.

Glutathione (GSH) is a major antioxidant in cells, and plays vital roles in the cellular defense against oxidants and in the regulation of redox signals. In a previous report, we demonstrated that stem cell function is critically affected by heterogeneity and dynamic changes in cellular GSH concentration. Here, we present a detailed protocol for the monitoring of GSH concentration in living stem cells using FreSHtracer, a real-time GSH probe. We describe the steps involved in monitoring GSH concentration in single living stem cells using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. These methods are simple, rapid, and quantitative, and able to demonstrate intracellular GSH concentration changes in real time. We also describe the application of FreSHtracer to the sorting of stem cells according to their GSH content using flow cytometry. Typically, microscopic or flow cytometric analyses of FreSHtracer and MitoFreSHtracer signals in living stem cells take ~2~3 h, and the fractionation of stem cells into subpopulations on the basis of cellular GSH levels takes 3~4.5 h. This method could be applied to almost every kind of mammalian cell with minor modifications to the protocol described here.
Flow Cytometry ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Glutathione ; Methods ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Oxidants ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Population Characteristics ; Stem Cells