Pachychoroid disease is a relatively novel concept proposed in ophthalmology in recent years, which describes a series of pathological conditions including chronic persistent choroidal thickening and choroidal vasodilatation, with choroid blood capillary layer capacity attenuation, choroidal vasodilation, focal or disseminated choroidal thickening, progressive retinal pigment epithelial dysfunction and choroid retinal neovascularization as characteristic symptoms.Nowadays, the definition of pachychoroid disease has gradually changed from the previous emphasis on the simple thickening of choroid to the morphological description of complex pathological conditions.The clinical manifestations of certain pachychoroid diseases have been clearly described including central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), pachychoroid neovasculcularization (PNV), polypoid choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), focal choroidal excavation (FCE), peripapillary pachychoroid syndrome (PPS). These entities have certain characteristic choroidal vasculopathy, which may represent different clinical manifestations of the same type of pachychoroid diseaseor indicate that they have similarpathogenesis .In this article, the existing literature and recent findings about pachychoroid disease, as well as the classification and treatment of pachychoroid diseases spectrum were summarized and discussed.

Aim: To investigate the changes of endothelin( ET) receptors by isoproterenol in myocardial cells, and the invervention effects of CPU86017 and its RS isomer. Methods: Primary cultures of neonatal rat cardiomyo-cytes were prepared, and isoproterenol was added to each group for modeling, followed by drug interventions with propranolol, CPU86017 and RS chiral isomer respectively. Results: The expressions of ET_A and ET_B were increased by isoproterenol, in which the level of ET_B was higher than ET_A . This phenomenon was adjusted to different degrees by using propranolol, CPU86017 and RS chiral isomer in a dosage-relevant manner. The infervention effect of RS isomer was better than that of CPU86017 at the high dosage( 10 μmol/L). Conclusion: The cardiovascular effects of CPU86017 and RS chiral isomer could be correlative to the inhibition of the over-expressions of ET_A and ET_B.

Objective To make a nationwide external quality assessment for drug sensitivity testing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, analyze the problems in and factors associated with the drug sensitivity testing, and to enhance the quality of drug sensitivity testing of N. gonorrhoeae at different monitoring sites. Methods Samples were uniformly delivered to monitoring sites by express mail service. Test results were analyzed in the National Center for STD Control, and the evaluation results were fed back to these monitoring sites. Results A total of 105 quality control samples were delivered from 2007 to 2009, with a response rate of 88.57% (93/105). Thirteen monitoring sites were enrolled in the external quality assessment, including 9 laboratories in 2007, 9 in 2008 and 13 in 2009. The total percentage amounted to 77.42% (24/31) for qualified laboratories during the 3 years, including 6 laboratories in 2007, 7 in 2008 and 11 in 2009. The coincidence rate increased for the detection of penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae (PPNG), N. gonorrhoeae with chromosome-mediated ciprofloxacin resistance, and N. gonorrhoeae with chromosome-mediated spectinomycin resistance, and declined for the detection of N. gonorrhoeae with plasmid-mediated high level tetracycline-resistance (TRNG) and N. gonorrhoeae with chromosome-mediated ceftriaxone resistance. Conclusions The 3-year external quality assessment reveals an improvement in the overall quality of drug sensitivity testing of N. gonorrhoeae at national monitoring sites; the accuracy is improved markedly for the detection of PPNG, N. gonorrhoeae with resistance to spectinomycin and ciprofloxacin, but is needed to increase for the detection of ceftriaxone-resis- tant N. gonorrhoeae and TRNG.

Objective: To provide anatomical basis for the chemotherapy of lingual arterial embolization in clinic. Methods: The origin, course, branch distribution and anastomosis of the lingual artery were observed in 15 cases of adult head specimens. Results: As one of principal branches, the lingual artery arises from the external carotid artery at the level of the major cornu of hyoeides, approaches to the carotid bifurcation. With original diameter of (2.4?0.3) mm, it runs upward and passes deepwards to the hyoglossus muscle, gives off the dorsal lingual artery and the terminal branch -profunda lingual artery. Limited in each side of intrinsic muscles, two profunda lingual arteries creep tortuously along the muscular fibers and anastomose freely to structure submucous arterial rete. Conclusion: With concentrated origins, wide vascular diameter, constant course and enrichment of submucous arterial rete, the lingual artery is an ideal blood vessel for arterial chemoembolization.

Objective To make a nationwide external quality assessment of tests for isolation and identification of N.gonorrhoeae in medical and healthcare facilities at different levels,and to analyze current problems.Methods Lyophilized quality control samples were uniformly delivered to 252 medical and healthcare facilities providing sexually transmitted disease (STD) services at different levels.Test results were analyzed by the National Center for STD Control,China Center for Disease Control and Prevention,and evaluation results were fed back to participating laboratories.Results Finally,test results were received from 203 (80.56％) facilities.The comprehensive score averaged at 87.14,and facilities achieving a comprehensive score of 80 or greater amounted to 80.30％ (163/203).The coincidence rate was 53.69％ (109/203) for all of the 5 quality control samples,82.76％ (168/203) and 87.68％ (178/203) respectively for two quality control samples containing only N.gonorrhoeae,86.21％ (175/203) and 96.06％ (195/203) respectively for a sample containing Neisseria sicca and a sample containing Enterococcus faecalis,69.46％ (141/203)for a sample containing different species of Neisseria.Conclusion The external quality assessment reveals a disparity in the capability to isolate and identify Neisseria among medical and healthcare facilities providing STD services at different levels.

ObjectiveBoth kilovolt (KV) cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and KV radiography can determine set-up errors for patients with head-and-neck cancer.This study is to compare their performance.Methods16 patients with head and neck cancer were enrolled in this study.There were 160 sets of CBCT and corresponding orthogonal radiography images.Through registration of CBCT images with the planning CT images,and registration of radiography images with the digitally reconstructed radiographs,translational set-up errors were determined along left-right (x),super-inferior (y),and anterior-posterior (z) directions.Pearson correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the correlation of the set up errors determined by the two methods,and Bland-Altman plot analysis was used to assess the coincidence of these two methods.ResultsThe Pearson coefficient of correlation along all three directions was less than 0.01,and R2 was 0.95,0.84,0.81 on x,y,z,respectively.That means high correlation for two methods.The Bland-Altman plot analysis showed that the 95％ agreement limits of agreement were within preset 2 mm tolerance (x[ 1.3mm,- 1.2mm],y[ 1.6mm,- 1.1mm],z[0.8mm,-1.4 mm] ),which indicates an agreement exists for two methods.ConclusionsFor determination of set-up errors for patients with head and neck cancer,KV radiography is equivalent to CBCT.Considering CBCT delivers higher dose than KV radiography,but provides more soft tissue information.We suggest to use these two methods combinative in clinic.

Objective:To establish the murine systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) model of chronic graft versus host diseases(cGVHD). To analyze the pathological changes and serological and immunological features in the animals. Methods: Female (C57BL/10?DBA/2)F1 hybrids aged 6-8 weeks were randomly divided into model group and healthy controls (HC). Lymphocytes from female DBA/2 were injected intravenously to the model group on days 0, 3 and 8,while PBS were injected to the HC under the same condition as a control group. Bradford was applied to monitor the development of albuminuria quantitively. Sera were tested by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) for the presence of autoantibodies. To compare the differences of CD4+CD25+ Treg cells between the two groups by flow cytometry (FCM) and the differences in the expression of Foxp3 by real time polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). The kidneys of model mice were removed in the 12th week and were made frozen sections for direct immunofluorescence(DIF)and paraffin imbedding for PASM staining. Results: The titers of proteinuria in model group in the 6th week, 8th week, 10th week, and 12th week were significantly higher than those of the HC groups(P=0.004, 0.005,respectively). The titers of anti-dsDNA and anti-nucleosome antibodies were significantly increased in the model group compared with the HC (P

Background and purpose:Surgical treatment of breast cancer traditionally has resected including the nipple-areola complex (NAC), because this area had a significant probability of containing occult tumors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the involvement of NAC in breast cancer and evaluate the feasibility of nipple-Areola complex-sparing mastectomy. Methods:168 cases of specimen of NAC collected from breast cancer with 5 mm subareola tissue preserved were sent to pathological examination in order to observe the tumor involvement of nipple, areola, subareola tissue respectively. Results:Tumor involved with nipple, areola and subareola tissue in 3 cases,areola and subareola tissue in 10 cases, and subareola tissue only in 13 cases.The tumors were all located superficially and centrally to the breast in all cases with nipple and areola involvement except sub areola tissue. The factors relative to the involvement of NAC included the location of the primary tumor, alteration of local skin of nipple- areola(?2=9.672,P=0.002), median tumor size(?2=7.141,P=0.008), positive axillary lymph node(?2=6.081,P=0.014) and clinical pathological stage(?2=10.142,P=0.006). Conclusion:If no clinical sign of NAC is found for the patients with tumor distance from areola edge ≥2.5 cm or tumor size≤5 cm, surgery with NAC preservation appears to be safe for the patients with breast cancer.

Objective To compare the expression level of interferon regulator factor 5 (IRF5) of the health controls and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and analyze the relationship between IRF5 and SLE disease activity. Methods Peripheral blood monoeytes (PBMCs) from SLE patients and healthy donors were separated with Ficoll density gradient eentrifugation and total cellular RNA was isolated with Trizol from the PBMCs, the mRNA was reverse transcripted to cDNA. Real-time PCR was applied to determine the expression level of IRFS. The expression level of IRF5 between the two groups were compared. The correlations of expression level of IRF5 with SLE disease activity and other laboratory or clinical parameters of SLE patients were analyzed. Results The level of IRF5 was (2.1±2.2) in SLE patients and (1.5±1.2) in healthy controls, the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.161). And the levels of IRF5 in SLE patients were significantly correlated with their SLEDAI (r=0.616,P<0.01), but not correlated with other parameters such as bemoglobulin complements, immunoglobulin etc. Anti-dsDNA antibody positive patients had significantly higher expression of IRF5 compared to the anti-dsDNA-antibedy-negative patients. The IRF5 mRNA levels of SLE patients with fever or neuropsyehiatric symptoms were significantly higher than those of patients free of neuropsychiatrie involvement. Conclusion High expression level of 1RF5 may contribute to the pathogenesis of SLE in disease activity and antibody production.

Objective To improve scientific research capacity and disciplines development,we performed grading system to specialize and quantize the management in Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital,Capital Medical University.Methods With assistance of forum survey related to 20 clinical and technical departments in hospital,we assessed the status of disciplines development,designed assessment criteria,and revised relevant regulations in grading system.Results The implementation of grading system promoted scientific achievements,academic communications and human resource development in hospital as relative to their pre-implemental controls.Conclusions The implementation of grading system facilitates scientific research and improves disciplines development.