Objective To explore the clinical characteristics and risk factors of healthcare-associated infection (HAI)in patients with severe viral hepatitis,so as to provide basis for clinical prevention and treatment of HAI. Methods Clinical data of 193 patients with severe viral hepatitis and admitted to a hospital from January 2012 to November 2015 were analyzed retrospectively,clinical characteristics and risk factors for HAI in patients were evaluated,all data were statistically analyzed.Results Among 193 patients,75 developed 112 times of HAI, incidence and case incidence of HAI were 38.86% and 58.03% respectively.The main infection sites were abdomi-nal cavity,lower respiratory tract,and gastrointestinal tract,infection rates were 33.93%,25.00% and 16.96%respectively.A total of 58 strains of pathogens were isolated,including fungi,gram-negative bacteria,and gram-positive bacteria,accounting for 53.45%,36.21%,and 10.34% respectively.Mulvariate logistic regression analy-sis showed that underlying diseases,use of glucocorticoid,invasive procedure,and white blood cell count<4.0×109/L were independent risk factors for HAI in patients with severe viral hepatitis (P<0.05).Conclusion Incidence of HAI in patients with severe viral hepatitis is high,risk factors are multiple.It is necessary to take targeted prevention measures during the treatment,so as to reduce the incidence of HAI.

Objective To explore the correlation of positive psychological capital and time management disposition in medical college students.Methods A total of 880 students from medical university were surveyed by using positive psychological capital scale and time management disposition scale.Results For gender variables,the scores of hope and optimism of males were significantly lower than those of females(P ＜ 0.05);there was no significant difference in the scores of time value sense,time monitoring sense,time efficacy sense,self-confidence and toughness between males and females (P ＞ 0.05).For birthplace variables,the rural students' scores of time value sense,hope and optimism were significantly higher than those of urban students (P ＜ 0.05);there was no significant difference in the scores of time monitoring sense,time efficacy sense,self-confidence and toughness between rural students and urban students (P ＞ 0.05).For grade variables,the score of time value sense of seniors was significantly higher than that of freshman(P ＜ 0.05);the score of time value sense of the fifth grader students was significantly higher than that of freshmen and sophomore (P ＜ 0.05);the score of time efficacy sense of the fifth grader students was significantly higher than that of sophomore (P ＜ 0.05);the scores of hope and optimism of the fifth grader students were significantly higher than those of sophomore (P ＜ 0.05);the score of optimism of freshman was significantly higher than that of sophomore(P ＜ 0.05);there was no significant difference in the scores of another dimensions in the other grades (P ＞ 0.05).Positive psychological capital and its dimensions were positively correlated with time management disposition and its dimensions (P ＜ 0.01).Positive psychological capital has good positive predictive ability on the four dimensions of time management disposition.Conclusion There is a positive correlation between positive psychological capital and time management disposition.The improvement of the level of psychological capital of college students can help to improve the ability of time management.

Objective: To explore the function of serum leptin in COPD patients with malnutrition, and to investigate the relationship between leptin and TNF-?. Methods: A total of 81 subjects (47 COPD patients and 34 control subjects) participated in this study. The 47 COPD patients were divided into 2 groups: group COPD Ⅰ (patients without malnutrition during stable disease, n=29), group COPDⅡ(patients with malnutrition during stable disease, n=18).To eliminate the effect of sex differences, all the patients and controls were male. Body mass index (BMI), percent ideal body weight (IBW%), triceps skin-fold thickness (TSF), mid-upper arm circumference (MAC), mid-upper arm muscle circumference(MAMC),serum leptin and tumor necrosis factor-?(TNF-?) levels, serum prealbumin (PA), serum transferrin (TF), serum albumin(Alb),total lymphocytes count (TLC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV_1), maximal inspiration pressure(MIP)and maximal expiration pressure(MEP)were measured in all participants. Leptin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. TNF-? levels were measured by ELISA. The between group difference and correlation of these parameters were analysed. Results: (1)Serum leptin levels were significantly lower in group COPDⅡ (4.07?3.42 ?g/L) than in group COPD Ⅰ(9.72?6.67 ?g/L)and controls(8.21?5.41 ?g/L, P

Objective To explore the angiogenic function of EPC from peripheral blood in kidney transplanted patient and to reveal its regulative mechanism.Methods 23 chronic renal failure patients without diabetes were recruited in department of Urology Peking University Third Hospital from January 2014 to February 2015.Fasting peripheral blood mixed with heparin (20 U/mL) was collected one day before and 24 hours after kidney transplantation.We set preoperative blood as control and the postoperative blood as the experimental group.EPC from peripheral blood were isolated by density-gradient centrifugation.FACS was used to identify the EPC.The AA metabolites PGE2 in EPC cultured medium was measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).Q-PCR and WB were used to detect the expression of endothelial markers in HUVEC cultured under the EPC conditional medium.Tube formation assay was performed to assess the angiogenic ability of HUVEC.Results EPC from kidney transplantation expressed c-kit and CD31 by FACS analysis.Multiple types of AA metabolites was detected in the conditional medium by LC-MS/MS and level of PGE2 increased into two folds after kidney transplantation, compared with that before operation(P ＜ 0.05).HUVEC highly expressed CD31 and VE-cadherin cultured under conditional medium, which were 1.5 folds compared with that before operation (P ＜ 0.01).And those cells formed more tubes than that in control group, which showed better angiogenic capacity.HUVEC, treated by PGE2, had the similar biological characteristics like the conditional culture.Conclusions EPCs in the peripheral blood form kidney transplantation patient secret the PGE2, which can enhance the capacity of angiogenesis in HUVEC.

Extraction process plays an important role in Chinese herbal medicine applications. Traditional extraction method has some disadvantages, such as long processing time, high solvent consumption and low efficiency. Thus, some new technologies and methods have been introduced in this paper, including ultrasonic extraction, microwave extraction, supercritical fluid extraction. On the basis of advantages and disadvantages of traditional Soxhlet extrac-tion, this paper mainly described the principles, characteristics, influencing parameters and applications.

Sirt3 is a kind of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacetylases.Sirt3 is localized in mitochondria and has been involved in a wide range of mitochondrial biological functions, such as nutrient oxidation、ATP generation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification and mitochondrial homeostasis.Sirt3 plays an important role in the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases.Increased expression of Sirt3 gene has been associated with extended lifespan of humans.

Objective To evaluate the effects of different ratios of medicine dosage for isoflurane and propofol on postoperative cognitive function of rats with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).Methods Healthy male Wistar rats,aged 16-18 months,were used in the study.MCI model was established by occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries.One hundred and fifty rats with MCI were divided into 5 groups (n=30 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (group S),isoflurane group (group I),propofol group (group P) and different ratios of medicine dosage for isoflurane and propofol groups (IP1,2 groups).The rats inhaled 1.9％ isoflurane for 3 h in group I.Propofol 40 mg · kg-1 · h-1 was infused intravenously for 3 h in group P.The rats inhaled 1.0％ isoflurane,and propofol 20 mg · kg 1 · h-1 was infused intravenously for 3 h in group IP1.The rats inhaled 1.4％ isoflurane,and propofol 10 mg· kg-1 · h-1 was infused intravenously for 3 h in group IP2.After disappearance of eyelash reflex,open reduction and internal fixation was performed after tibial fracture was induced.On 7 days after operation,contextual fear conditioning test and Y maze test were used to assess the cognitive function,and hippocampal tissues were obtained to count the viable neurons (using Nissl's staining) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) and caspase-12 positive neurons (by immunofluorescence) in hippocampal CA1 region.Results Compared with group S,the rate of time spent in N arm,the rate of time spent freezing,and the number of viable neurons were significantly decreased,and the number of CHOP and caspase-12 positive neurons were significantly increased in IP2,I and P groups (P＜0.05),and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in group IP1 (P＞0.05).Compared with group IP1,the rate of time spent in N arm,the rate of time spent freezing,and the number of viable neurons were significantly decreased,and the number of CHOP and caspase-12 positive neurons was significantly increased in IP2,I and P groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group IP2,the rate of time spent in N arm,the rate of time spent freezing,and the number of viable neurons were significantly decreased,and the nunber of CHOP and caspase-12 positive neurons was significantly increased in I and P groups (P＜0.05).Conclusion Combination of 1.0％ isoflurane and propofol 20 mg · kg-1 · h-1 does not aggravate the postoperative cognitive dysfunction of the rats with MCI.

0.05) or significantly enhanced(P0.05).In this case,the immunoadjuvant capability of CpG ODN was better than FQ68 genomes.Conclusion:CpG ODN or FQ68 genome enhances humoral and Th1 type of immune responses when packed into AIV oil emulsion vaccine,while the adjuvants do not show better adjuvanticity when separated from the oil emulsion vaccine.

Herpesviruses is one of the most common human infectious diseases, which can be divided into different types based on clinical infection degree.Herpes simplex virus usually results in buccal and genital mucocutaneous infections, while cytomegalovirus is the most common opportunistic pathogen associated with significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised hosts, especially in transplant and cancer patients.Although nucleoside analogues are effective antiviral drugs, the emergence of drug-resistant viruses has created a barrier for the treatment of herpesviruses infections, especially in immunocompromised patients.Therefore, novel therapeutic agents are needed to avoid the limitations of drug resistance.In this article, research progress in the therapeutic agents for drug-resistant herpesviruses was reviewed from the aspects of non-nucleoside analogues, novel antiviral targets and newly antiviral mechanisms.

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for content determination of steroidal saponin in Allium sativum. METHODS:Pre-column derivatization of steroidal saponin was performed by using the derivatization agent of nitro-benzoic acid-chlorine. And HPLC was conducted to determine the content of steroidal saponin. The column was Shimadzu VP-ODS with mobile phase of aceto-nitrile-water mixed solution(80:20,V/V)at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min,the detection wavelength was 254 nm,the column temper-ature was 25 ℃,and the injection volume of 20 μl. RESULTS:The linear rang of sarsasapogenin was 0-1.25 mg/ml(r=0.999 0);RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were lower than 2%;recovery was 93.1%-96.8%(RSD=1.56%,n=6). CON-CLUSIONS:The method is simple,stable with good separation,and can be use for the content determination of steroidal saponin in A. sativum.