BACKGROUND:Positive treatment of perioperative analgesia after total knee arthroplasty can accelerate recovery of joint function, reduce complications after replacement, and improve overal technical evaluation of total knee arthroplasty. ＜br> OBJECTIVE:To summarize commonly used analgesic drugs and analgesia method of total knee arthroplasty. ＜br> METHODS:A computer-based online research of Wanfang database and PubMed database was performed to col ect articles published between 1994 and 2014 with the keywords of“total knee replacement, epidural analgesia, peripheral nerve block, joint local analgesia, patient control ed analgesia, cold treatment”in Chinese and English. ＜br> RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:There were 986 articles after the initial survey. Final y, 55 articles were included according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. As the technology for total knee arthroplasty, early functional rehabilitation and replacement of pain control has been widely concerned, a large number of literatures about analgesic drugs and analgesic programs emerge. Analgesic drugs include opioids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, local anesthetics and N-methyl-aspartate receptor blockers. Analgesic program includes epidural analgesia, peripheral nerve blockage, joint local analgesia, patient-control ed analgesia and cold therapy. These analgesic drugs and methods have their advantages and disadvantages. At present, multimodal analgesia schemes have been recognized, but the optimal pain management scheme remains controversial. Increasing considerations should be paid on the choice of analgesic methods, depending on individual characteristics and existing technology.

Objective To evaluate the therapy effect and prognosis of upper digestive tube hemorrhage resulted from Portal Hypertension,which is dealed with combined devascularization with stitching instrument.Methods Summarized the therapy and prognosis of 41 patients of upper digestive tube hemorrhage resulted from Portal Hypertension,dealed with combined devascularization with stitching instrument.Results All the patients above had no one die for operation and no one had complication of hepatoencephalopathy.after operation 22 patients of this group had complication with medium quantity of ascite.All the patients had no complication with gastric fistulas.Conclusions Combined devascularization with stitching instrument is the best operation for upper digestive tube hemorrhage resulted from Portal Hypertension.

Objective To investigate the incidence, diagnosis and treatment of complications after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and to explore the ways of prevention. Methods Clinical data of 930 subjects, in which 510 were older than 60, with cholangiopancreatic diseases who underwent ERCP in the past 2 years were retrospectively analyzed. Results Success rate of ERCP was 96.34% (896/930),and the postoperative complication incidence was 7.85% (73/930). Of all the complications, there were 42 cases of acute pancreatitis, among which 1 was accompanied with biliary tract infection, 4 cases of duodenum perforation, 6 delayed hemorrhage, 2 cardiac dilacerations bleeding, and 19 biliary tract infection (5 combined with infectious shock). All subjects with complications were cured except for 2 deaths. Conclusion ERCP is a safe and effective method for elderly patients. However, due to decreased organ functions and other underlying diseases, complications after ERCP in elderly patients are usually difficult to manage. The key factors in prevention of complications after ERCP includes in obedience to indications, improvement in procedure skills, treatment of accompanied diseases before and after ERCP, and active management of complications.

Objective To investigate the correlation between intima-media thickness(IMT)and elasticity of carotid in patients with type 2 diabetes accompanied hyperlipidemia by quantitative intima-media thickness(QIMT)and quantitative arterial stiffness(QAS)technique.Methods Fifty-six patients with type 2 diabetes accompanied hyperlipidemia were involved into the study as case group.Forty-eight healthy volunteers were supplied as normal control group in the same period.IMT,compliance coefficient(CC),distensibility coefficient(DC)and stiffness index(β)of carotid were acquired through QIMT and QAS.Case group was divided into case group 1(IMT＜0.9mm)and case group 2(IMT≥0.9 mm),and analysis was performed furtherly.Results β,triglyceride(TG),lowdensity lipoprotein(LDL),cholesterol(Ch),glycosylated hemoglobin(GHb)and IMT had significant differences in case group 1,case group 2 and control group(P＜0.05),control group＜case group 1＜case group 2.DC and CC had significant differences in case group 1,case group 2 and control group(P＜0.05),control group＞case group 1＞case group 2.There was significant positive correlation between β and age,GHb,LDL and IMT of carotid respectively(r=0.811,r:0.764,r=0.732,r:0.729,respectively,P=0.000).Conchmions IMT of carotid could be measured accurately by QIMT.Structure imaging and functional imaging of carotid might be combined organically through QIMT and QAS.Depth study about early change of carotid in structure and function could be performed with these two techniques.

Autonomic nervous system activation can result in significant changes of atrial electrophysiology and facilitate induction of atrial fibrillation. By recording influence of different concentrations of acetylcholine (ACh) on atrial fibers (AF), we investigated the role of the increased vagal tone in electrical remodeling in atrial fibrillation. Parameters of action potentials and force contraction (Fc) in atrial fibers were recorded by using standard intracellular microelectrode technique and force transducer. It was found that: (1) ACh at 0.1 μmol/L had no significant influence on spontaneous action potentials (SAPs) and Fc (n=6, P>0.05); ACh at both 1.0 and 10.0 μmol/L shortened action potential duration (APD) and Fc of human AF from right atrium (n=6, P<0.05); there was no significant difference in shortening APD between 10.0 and 1.0 μmol/L of ACh; (2) ACh at 0.1 μmol/L had no significant desensitization (n=6, P>0.05), but ACh at 1.0 and 10.0 μmol/L had desensitization (n=6, P<0.05) to SAPs and Fc. The desensitization of ACh on APD in AF was concentration- and time-dependent. It was shown that APD was longer than the control along with extending time of continuous Tyrode's solution perfusion after desensitization. It is concluded that ACh changes the electrophysiological characteristics of human AF, indicating that increased vagal tone plays a role in the development of a vulnerable substrate for atrial electrical remodeling in atrial fibrillation.

Autonomic nervous system activation can result in significant changes of atrial electrophysiology and facilitate induction of atrial fibrillation.By recording influence of different concentrations of acetylcholine (ACh) on atrial fibers (AF),we investigated the role of the increased vagal tone in electrical remodeling in atrial fibrillation.Parameters of action potentials and force contraction (Fc) in atrial fibers were recorded by using standard intracellular microelectrode technique and force transducer.It was found that:(1) ACh at 0.1 μmol/L had no significant influence on spontaneous action potentials (SAPs) and Fc (n=6,P＞0.05); ACh at both 1.0 and 10.0 μmol/L shortened action potential duration (APD) and Fc of human AF from right atrium (n=6,P＜0.05); there was no significant difference in shortening APD between 10.0 and 1.0 μmol/L of ACh; (2) ACh at 0.1 μmol/L had no significant desensitization (n=6,P＞0.05),but ACh at 1.0 and 10.0 μmol/L had desensitization (n=6,P＜0.05) to SAPs and Fc.The desensitization of ACh on APD in AF was concentration- and time-dependent.It was shown that APD was longer than the control along with extending time of continuous Tyrode's solution perfusion after desensitization.It is concluded that ACh changes the electrophysiological characteristics of human AF,indicating that increased vagal tone plays a role in the development of a vulnerable substrate for atrial electrical remodeling in atrial fibrillation.

Objective To explore effect of family-centered discharge guidance on family care of premature infants in NICU.Methods A total of 174 premature infants with extremely low birth weight in NICU were studied and were randomly divided into study group and control group,with 87 cases per group.Control group received conventional discharge guidance while the study group received family-centered discharge planning.Height and weight changes of neonates at discharge,and at correct gestational age of 2,4,6 months were observed.Nursing knowledge and nursing skills,Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) scores of puerperae were observed in two groups on admission and at discharge.Breastfeeding rate,re-hospitalization rate,morbidity and mortality within 6 months were compared.Results The body weight,body length and head circumference were not statistically significant of two groups at birth and at corrected gestational age of 40 weeks (P ＞ 0.05),and they were heavier,and larger than those of the control group at corrected gestational age of 2,4 and 6 months (P ＜ 0.05).Breastfeeding rate in the study group was higher,morbidity rate and readmission rate were lower than that of the control group (P ＜ 0.05),but there was no significant difference in mortality of two groups (P ＞ 0.05).At discharge of NICU,mothers of premature infants had no statistically significant difference in nursing knowledge and skills (P ＞ 0.05),but they commanded more after 2 monthsof discharge (P ＜ 0.05),and study group improved more significantly (P ＜ 0.05).At discharge of NICU,SAS and SDS scores of infants'mothers were not statistically significant (P ＞ 0.0 5),but it was significantly decreased at 2 months of discharge (P ＜ 0.0 5),and study group decreased more (P ＜ 0.0 5).Conclusion Family-centered discharge guidance can increase the physical development of children,reduce the morbidity rate,and improve the family's bad mood,so it is worthy of clinical promotion.

Objective To explore effect of family-centered discharge guidance on family care of premature infants in NICU.Methods A total of 174 premature infants with extremely low birth weight in NICU were studied and were randomly divided into study group and control group,with 87 cases per group.Control group received conventional discharge guidance while the study group received family-centered discharge planning.Height and weight changes of neonates at discharge,and at correct gestational age of 2,4,6 months were observed.Nursing knowledge and nursing skills,Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) scores of puerperae were observed in two groups on admission and at discharge.Breastfeeding rate,re-hospitalization rate,morbidity and mortality within 6 months were compared.Results The body weight,body length and head circumference were not statistically significant of two groups at birth and at corrected gestational age of 40 weeks (P ＞ 0.05),and they were heavier,and larger than those of the control group at corrected gestational age of 2,4 and 6 months (P ＜ 0.05).Breastfeeding rate in the study group was higher,morbidity rate and readmission rate were lower than that of the control group (P ＜ 0.05),but there was no significant difference in mortality of two groups (P ＞ 0.05).At discharge of NICU,mothers of premature infants had no statistically significant difference in nursing knowledge and skills (P ＞ 0.05),but they commanded more after 2 monthsof discharge (P ＜ 0.05),and study group improved more significantly (P ＜ 0.05).At discharge of NICU,SAS and SDS scores of infants'mothers were not statistically significant (P ＞ 0.0 5),but it was significantly decreased at 2 months of discharge (P ＜ 0.0 5),and study group decreased more (P ＜ 0.0 5).Conclusion Family-centered discharge guidance can increase the physical development of children,reduce the morbidity rate,and improve the family's bad mood,so it is worthy of clinical promotion.

Objective To investigate the correlation between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene C677T polymorphism and plasma homocysteine (Hcy) levels and white matte hyperintensities (WMHs). Methods PubMed, EMbase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Weipu and Wanfang databases were retrieved to search studies on correlation between MTHFR gene C677T polymorphism and plasma Hcy levels and WMHs. The search deadline was October 31, 2018. Stata 14.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results Six eligible literatures on the correlation between MTHFR gene and WMHs were included. The results of meta-analysis showed that there was no significant correlation between MTHFR C677T gene polymorphism and WMHs in 5 genetic models (T allele vs. C allele, TC vs. CC genotype, TT vs. CC genotype, TT+TC vs. CC genotype, and TT vs. TC+CC genotype). A total of 22 eligible literatures on the correlation between plasma Hcy level and WMHs were included. The results of meta-analysis showed that the plasma Hcy levels in patients with WMHs were significantly higher than those in the control group (weighted mean difference 3.48, 95% confidence interval 2.36-4.60; Z=6.03, P<0.01). Conclusions There was no significant correlation between MTHFR gene C677T polymorphism and WMHs, and the elevated plasma Hcy levels may be a risk factor for WMHs.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on the polarization of M1/M2 microglia/macrophages in rats with acute cerebral ischemia.Ultrahigh-speed centrifugation was employed to isolate and identify exosomes; a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was prepared in rats using the intraluminal filament technique; Longa scoring and corner tests were used to evaluate the neurological function of rats; 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazole chloride (TTC) staining was used to assess the infarct volume in rat brains; immunofluorescence double-labeling of CD16/32/Iba1 and CD206/Iba1 was performed to detect M1/M2 phenotypes of microglia/macrophages; RT-qPCR was employed to measure the mRNA expression of CD86, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), arginase-1 (Arg-1), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) in the ischemic penumbra of rat brains.The experimental results showed that BMSC-Exos reduced the number of CD16/32+/Iba1+ positive cells in the ischemic penumbra (P < 0.01) while increasing the number of CD206+/Iba1+positive cells (P < 0.01), and decreased the mRNA expression of iNOS, CD86, and TNF-α, while increasing the mRNA expression of Arg-1, TGF-β, and IL-10 (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01).This research suggests that BMSC-Exos can regulate M1/M2 polarization of microglia/macrophages in rats with acute cerebral ischemia, alleviate neuroinflammation, and improve ischemic brain injury.