Objective:To pharmacognostically identify Selaginellae uncinatae Herba to provide reference for the identification and utilization of Selaginellae uncinatae Herba. Methods:On the basis of observing the characters, structure and microscopic characteris-tics of the powder, Selaginella uncinata Herba was identified by a TLC method using amentoflavone as the reference substance. The contents of total ash, acid insoluble ash and alcohol-soluble extracts in Selaginellae uncinatae Herba were detected as well. Results:The morphological identification, microscopic identification and TLC identification of the herb was respectively established. The content limits of the total ash, acid insoluble ash and alcohol soluble extract were preliminarily determined. Conclusion:The studies provide reference for the identification and quality evaluation of Selaginellae uncinatae Herba.

Objective: To analyze the influencing factors in thrombin titration for the determination of anticoagulant activity of Whitmania Pigra Whitman. Methods: The white porcelain plates were used as the titration carriers instead of tubes in the titration ( called white porcelain method for short) . The effect of different carriers, interval time of titration and thrombin concentration on the results of anticoagulant activity test was studied. Results:Under the same conditions, the anticoagulant activity was more accurate and stable using white porcelain method. Using white porcelain method with 20 u·ml-1 or 10 u·ml-1 as the thrombin concentration and titrating 5μl each time, once every minute, the thrombin consumption volume was linear with the sample concentration within the range of 0. 125-0. 333 g·ml-1(r20 =0. 961 and r10 =0. 992), and the anticoagulant activity respectively was (33. 08 ± 2. 64) and (31. 24 ±1.32) u·g-1(RSD20 =8.0% and RSD10 =4.2%). As for a certain sample concentration (0.333 g·ml-1), the theoretical error of determination was not more than 10% and 5%. Conclusion:The improved white porcelain method is more suitable for determining anticoagulant activity of Whitmania Pigra Whitman with more stable results and accurate end point states than tube method. Under the conditions of 10 u·ml-1 thrombin concentration, titrating 5μl each time, once every minute, the linearity, accuracy and precision are all promising.

Objective: To investigate the late identification and its influencing factors of newly reported HIV/AIDS cases in Shangcheng District, Hangzhou City, so as to provide insights into the development of strategies for early detection and identification of HIV/AIDS cases. Methods: Basic information, identification routes and CD4+T lymphocyte counts among newly reported HIV/AIDS cases in Shangcheng District from 2013 to 2022 were collected through the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System. The proportion of late identification of newly reported HIV/AIDS cases was analyzed, and factors affecting late identification was analyzed by a multivariable logistic regression model. Results: Totally 1 052 HIV/AIDS cases were newly reported in Shangcheng District from 2013 to 2022, including 1 011 males (96.10%), and had a mean age of (32.90±12.39) years. There were 333 cases with late identification, accounting for 31.65%. The proportions of late identification have no significant changing trend from 2013 to 2022 (P>0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that HIV/AIDS cases aged 25 years and older (25 to 49 years, OR=1.894, 95%CI: 1.350-2.658; 50 years and older, OR=3.010, 95%CI: 1.838-4.928) had a higher risk of late identification, while HIV/AIDS cases with college degree and above (OR=0.655, 95%CI: 0.459-0.936) and identified by voluntary counseling and testing (OR=0.542, 95%CI: 0.380-0.772) had a lower risk of late identification. Conclusions The proportion of late identification of newly reported HIV/AIDS cases in Shangcheng District from 2013 to 2022 was 31.65%. Age, educational level and identification route were important factors affecting late identification of HIV/AIDS cases in Shangcheng District.

Objective:To study the percutaneous permeability of quercetin in Ginkgo Biloba extract in vitro. Methods: Ginkgo Biloba extract was dissolved in 50% ethanol. The percutaneous permeability experiment through mouse skin was conducted using a modified Franz diffusion cell. The penetration amount of quercetin was determined by HPLC. Results:The percutaneous permeability of quercetin in the solution was approximately characterized by zero-order kinetics. Conclusion:Quercetin in Ginkgo Biloba extract can be absorbed through skin.

Objective To explore the clinical efficacy of Shuxuening combined with epalrestat in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. Methods Eighty patients from March 2014 to June 2015 in Metabolic Disease Department of the Second Hospital of Tianjin were randomly divided into observation group and control group with 40 patients in each group.The control group received epalrestat, and the observation group received Shuxuening injection on the baisis of control group. The related indicators were compared between two groups.Results After treatment, the 24 h-urine microalbumin, plasma low density lipoprotein and serum creatinine in observation group [(239.31 ±106.54)mg/L,(2.45 ±0.55)mmol/L,(95.54 ± 22.13)mol/L]were lower than those in control group [(349.90 ±148.40),(3.41 ±0.52),(108.76 ±34.30)](P<0.05).The β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) and plasma high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in observation group [(0.39 ±0.06),(6.31 ±1.58)mg/L]were lower than those in control group [(0.49 ±0.12),(7.89 ±1.35)](P<0.05).The total efficacy in observation group was higher than that in control group (70.0%vs.45.0%,P<0.05).Conclusion Shuxuening injection joint epalrestat has the exact efficacy in treatment of patients with diabetic nephropathy.

Objective To observe the effects of repeated +10 Gz stress on cerebral lipid peroxidation,liver and renal function in rats and the prophylactic effects of antioxidant tea polyphenols(TP).Method Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups(n=8 each):group A(control),group B(+10 Gz),and group C(TP).Group B and C were exposed to repeated +10 Gz stress(each for 30s,onset rate about 0.5 G/s,3 times/d with +1 Gz 1 min intervals,3 d/wk,4 weeks in total),but group A was only submitted to +1 Gz.TP(200 mg/kg) was given orally in group C about 1 h prior to the +Gz experiment,while distilled water was given in group A and B.Lipid peroxidation in the brain,liver and renal functions and serum lipids were determined.Results As compared with the control,lipid peroxidation in rat cerebral homogenate,mitochondria and cytoplasm was significantly increased( P<0.05),and serum creatinine concentration was markedly elevated after repeated +10 Gz stress(P<0.01).But,TP had significant inhibitory effect on +10 Gz stress induced peroxidative injury in rat brain and reduced the serum creatinine level.There were no differences of serum triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity among the three groups.Conclusion These results indicated that repeated high +Gz stress could bring about peroxidative injury in brain and harmful effect on renal function,and natural antioxidant TP had signficant protective effects.

Objective To investigate the influence of calcitonin on bone mineral density and biomechanics around the artificial pros-thesis in ovariectomized diabetic rabbit model. Methods Fourteen femina New Zealand white rabbits at the age of 5 months old were select-ed, which weight 2.24 -2.65kg, averaging 2.26kg. First, the model of rabbit with diabetic osteoporosis was successfully established by the compound method of ovariectomy plus streptozotocin. Osteotomy in the middle part of femur was performed in both groups, fixation of artifi-cial prosthesis was done with 3.0 kirschner wire. After that, Rabbit models with diabetic osteoporosis were randomly divided into experimen-tal group and control group. Rabbits in the experimental group were treated with calcitonin 6U intramuscular injection once every other day. In control group, intramuscular injection of normal saline solution 1.5ml once every three days. Rabbit models of two groups were sacrificed in the 24th week. The BMD of the region of interest (ROI) around the prosthesis were detected before experiment and 8, 16 and 24 weeks after injection. After rabbits were killed, experimental femurs in both groups were complete removal and soft tissues were rejected. Determi-nation of the pull-out and torsion bone biomechanics experiments of prosthesis was done in both groups respectively. Results The BMD of ROI in the experimental group before operation was (0.1863±0.004)g/cm2 and (0.1753±0.005)g/cm2 in 24 weeks after operation, in control group before operation was (0.1865±0.002)g/cm2 and (0.1638±0.005)g/cm2 in 24 weeks after operation. There were significant difference between the two groups(P < 0.05). Biomechanical show that the pull-out strength in the experimental group was (312.68±8.73 )N/cm2 and (205.43±12.45 ) N/cm2 in control group. There were significant difference between the two groups(P < 0.05). The tor-sion strength in experimental group was (80.47±2.51) N/cm2 and (38.52±0.64) N/cm2 in control group. There were significant differ-ence between the two groups(P < 0.05). Conclusion Salmon calcitonin can reduce the bone turnover rate around prosthesis and decrease bone absorption in the rabbit of diabetic osteoporosis models, accelerate the bone formation around prosthesis, and increase the BMD. It can ameliorate the quality of bone around prosthesis, improve its biomechanics property, and increase the holding power between prosthesis and body mass. It is of clinical significance for the prevention and treatment of aseptic loosening artificial prosthesis.

This study was aimed to identify Bletilla Striata (Thunb.) Reichb.f.and Bletilla Formosana (Hayata) Schltr.by ITS2 sequence.The leaves of 38 samples of Bletilla striata and Bletillaformosana from Yunnan,Hubei,Guizhou,Hunan and Sichuan province were used as experiment materials.The total DNA was extracted.Internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequences were obtained by PCR.All of the ITS2 sequences were checked.The 8 ITS2 sequences from two species were downloaded from GenBank.The intraspecific and interspecific Kimura-2-parameter (K2P) distances of Bletilla striata and Bletilla formosana were calculated by MEGAS.0.And neighbor-joining (NJ) tree was constructed.The results showed that the full-length sequences of ITS2 from Bletilla striata and Bletillaformosana were 259 bp,with a total of 14 variable sites.The maximum intraspecific K2P distance of Bletilla striata and Bletillaformosana was 0.008,while the minimum interspecific K2P distance was 0.040.The ITS2 secondary structure showed that different origins of Bletilla striata were gathered together and could be distinguished obviously from Bletilla formosana by NJ tree.It was concluded that ITS2 sequence was able to identify Bletilla striata and Bletillaformosana quickly and accurately.

Objective To explore the interaction between warfarin and antiepileptic drugs such as carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine.Methods A 78-year-old woman suffered from warfarin resistance after initial warfarin dosing for several days.Based on her medication review,clinical pharmacist found that the warfarin resistance resulted from co-administered carbamazepine.Her warfarin dosage was increased,and the international normalized ratio (INR) increased to the target range.Another woman had been taking warfarin therapy for long time with a stable maintenance dose.She consulted clinical pharmacist for the influence of co-administered oxcarbazepine on warfarin.The patient was advised to maintain the dose and monitor her INR more closely.Her INR did not fluctuate.Results Carbamazepine induced warfarin metabolism.As a result,the patient needed increased dosage of warfarin to maintain the INR in the therapeutic target range.Oxcarbazepine does not induce liver enzymes,and therefore the INR did not fluctuate.Conclusion Carbamazepine may reduce the efficacy of warfarin.Oxcarbazepine offers a clinical advantage over carbamazepine,especially when co-administration of warfarin is required.

Objective:To explore a new method to identify Sparganium stoloniferum and its adulterants by ITS2 regions. Methods:Eight samples of Sparganium stoloniferum and its adulterants were collected with five species, and 6 species with 23 ITS2 sequence of Sparganium stoloniferum and its adulterants were downloaded from Genbank. The intraspecific and interspecific K2P distances of Spar-ganium stoloniferum and its adulterants were calculated by MEGA5. 0, and the phylogenetic tree was constructed by MEGA 5. 0. Re-sults:The maximum intraspecific K2P distance of Sparganium stoloniferum was 0. 038,while the minimum interspecific K2P distance was 0. 697. The phylogenetic tree showed that Plantago asiatica was different obviously from its adulterants. The different samples of Sparganium stoloniferum were gathered together and could be distinguished from its adulterants by the NJ tree. Conclusion: ITS2 se-quence is able to identify Sparganium stoloniferum and its adulterants correctly, which provides a new method for the identification of Sparganium stoloniferum.