OBJECTIVE:To study the time-concentration curves of single dose of ambroxol hydrochloride orally integrating tablets in healthy volunteers and to evaluate its bioequivalence.METHODS:A single oral dose of 90mg ambroxol hydrochloride orally dissolving tablets and 90 mg ambroxol hydrochloride tablets were given to 18 healthy volunteers by a randomized crossover design.The concentrations of ambroxol hydrochloride in plasma were determined by HPLC.RESULTS:The main pharmacokinetic parameters of the test and references preparations of ambroxol hydrochloride were as follows:Cmax were(169.58?39.43)ng?mL-1 and(170.28?43.26)ng?mL-1;tmax were(1.6?0.5)h and(2.2?0.6)h;t1/2 were(6.77?2.04)h and(6.50?1.27)h;AUC0～24 were(1 131.26?289.36)ng?h?mL-1 and(1 191.54?270.17)ng?h?mL-1;AUC0～∞ were(1 215.27?306.56)ng?h?mL-1 and(1 281.44?291.51)ng?h?mL-1,respectively.The relative bioavailability of the test preparation was(95.5?15.6)%.CONCLUSION:The result demonstrated that the two preparatioins were bioequivalent in absorption degree,suggesting the rapid release characteristics of the preparation.

Objective To explore the abilities and personal qualities that medical undergraduates need for their future clinical work, and develop their competency model. Methods The self-made ques-tionnaire survey on medical undergraduates' competencies was conducted among the 1326 medical under-graduates in a medical university by using the cluster sampling method, and the 1099 effective question-naires were collected with effective rates of 82.88%. The exploratory factor analysis was used to analyze the internal structure of competency item and to build the competency model. The rating method was used to calculate the weight of each competency item. Results The overall Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the competency questionnaire was 0.965, and the coefficient of each dimension was above 0.832. The KMO statistic value was 0.970, and the probability associated with Bartlett test statistic was P=0.000, showing that the questionnaire has high reliability and validity. The competency model of medical undergraduates covers six aspects, namely, craftsmanship, personal qualities, professional learning, interpersonal communication, psychological adaptation and the pursuit of excellence, which contain 49 factors. The cumulative variance contribution rate was 54.729%. The weights of these six aspects in the model were 0.204 4, 0.202 1, 0.175 3, 0.158 8, 0.137 6 and 0.121 8 respectively. Conclusion The competency model of undergraduate medi-cal students has a certain scientific and practical value, which can provide new evaluation methods and ideas for medical education objectives, quality assurance, teaching evaluation, medical personnel selection and training.

Glucosamine, a naturally occurring amino monosaccharide, has been reported to play a role in the regulation of apoptosis more than half century. However the effect of glucosamine on tumor cells and the involved molecular mechanisms have not been thoroughly investigated. Glucosamine enters the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) downstream of the rate-limiting step catalyzed by the GFAT (glutamine:fluctose-6-phosphate amidotransferase), providing UDP-GlcNAc substrates for O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) protein modification. Considering that O-GlcNAc modification of proteasome subunits inhibits its activity, we examined whether glucosamine induces growth inhibition via affecting proteasomal activity. In the present study, we found glucosamine inhibited proteasomal activity and the proliferation of ALVA41 prostate cancer cells. The inhibition of proteasomal activity results in the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins, followed by induction of apoptosis. In addition, we demonstrated that glucosamine downregulated proteasome activator PA28gamma and overexpression of PA28gamma rescued the proteasomal activity and growth inhibition mediated by glucosamine. We further demonstrated that inhibition of O-GlcNAc abrogated PA28gamma suppression induced by glucosamine. These findings suggest that glucosamine may inhibit growth of ALVA41 cancer cells through downregulation of PA28gamma and inhibition of proteasomal activity via O-GlcNAc modification.
Acetylglucosamine/chemistry/metabolism ; Alloxan/pharmacology ; Apoptosis/*drug effects ; Autoantigens/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation/*drug effects ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Glucosamine/*pharmacology ; Humans ; Male ; Phosphorylation ; Prostatic Neoplasms/*enzymology ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/*antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Small Interfering/genetics ; Ubiquitinated Proteins/metabolism

Objective To analyze the characteristics and changing trend of injury death among elderly residents aged 65 and above in Chongqing from 2013 to 2017, and to provide a basis for formulating intervention strategies for elderly injuries. Methods Based on monitoring data of death causes of permanent residents in Chongqing from 2013 to 2017, the injury death cases of elderly residents aged 65 and above were extracted, and the mortality rate and sequence were calculated. The standard mortality rate was calculated based on the standard population composition of the sixth national population census in 2010. The Joinpoint Regression Program 4.2 software was used to analyze the death trend. Results From 2013 to 2017, the average annual crude injury mortality rate of Chongqing residents aged 65 and above was 140.89/100 000, and the standardized mortality rate was 12.57/100 000. The crude death rate of male elderly residents was higher than that of female residents in the same year (P <0.001), and the injury mortality rate increased with the age of the elderly (P <0.001). The injury mortality rate of female and all elderly residents, and elderly residents in the 75- and 85-year-old groups showed an upward trend (P<0.05). Falls, road traffic injuries, suicide, other accidental injuries and drowning were the top five causes of injury death in Chongqing, accounting for 93.16% of the total injury deaths. In the past five years, the fall mortality of elderly residents in Chongqing showed an upward trend (P < 0.05). Falling was the first cause of injury death for elderly aged 70 and above in Chongqing. The crude rate of death of elderly residents aged 85 and over was 313.52 /100 000. Conclusion The injury mortality and fall mortality of elderly residents aged 65 and above in Chongqing showed a rising trend in the past five years. It is urgent to take measures to prevent injury and falls for seniors in Chongqing.