BACKGROUND: Amnesic shellfish poisoning(ASP) is caused by consumption of seafood contaminated by marine neurotoxins, mainly domoic acid (DA).OBJECTIVE: To ensure the safety of shellfish consumption by determining DA in shellfish by means of liquid chromatography(LC) combined with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(Q-TOF MS).DESIGN: A self-controlled prospective study SETTING: The experiment was carried out in the Center for Animal, Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine, Shanghai Exit-Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau.MATERIALS: MUS-1B, a nominal sample of homogenized mussel tissue (containing 36 ± 1μg DA per gram, Batch No. MUS-1B 0159) and the standard DA solution (100 mg/L, Batch No. DACS-1C 352) were purchased from National Research Council of Canada (Halifax, Canada). Positive musscl samples were collected from the waters during the occurrence of red tide in China East Sea, and blank mussel samples were obtained from local seafood market. LC system (Waters 2695) combined with Q-TOF MS (Qultima, Micromass) and ultravilet (UV) detection (Waters 2487 ) was employed for analysis of ASP toxins.METHODS: The shellfish tissue samples were extracted with methanol-water (1: 1, V/V) and cleansed with a SAX solid-phase extraction cartridge. Separation was carried out on a Zorbax Eclipse XDB-18 column (250×2.1 mm, 3.5μm) with gradient elution of CAN-H20 containing 0.05% formic acid at a flow rate of 0.20 mL per minute. In a positive electrospray ionization DA was ionized effectively, and collision-induced dissociation(CID) produced predominant characteristic ions[M + H] +allowing sensitive TOF MS detection.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Limit of quantification(LOQ); ②Accuracy and precision of LC/Q-TOF MS method.RESULTS: The average recoveries of DA spiked to tissue homogenates through the complete cleanse procedure ranged from 87.8% to 94.6%, and the relative standard deviations(RSD) ranged from 8.4% to 11.9%. TheLOQ in the shellfish tissue was 0.1 μg/g.CONCLUSION: LC/Q-TOF MS suits well the purpose of detecting and identifying ASP toxins in shellfish with high sensitivity and specificity, and may provide reference values for monitoring the safety of consumption of shellfish.

Objective In order to understand whether recombinant human growth hormone(r-hGH) can improve the idiopathic short stature(ISS) boys' final adult height(FAH).Methods We measured 16 cases diagnosed as ISS boys FAH, divided into 2 groups, of which 9 cases were not given r-hGH treatment, treatment group ,7 patients received r-hGH treatment, a dose of 0.1 ～ 0.13 U· kg-1·d-1, before going to sleep subcutaneous injection, duration of treatment was 6 ～ 20 months ( 11.9 ± 5.2 months).Results The treatment group compared with the average FAH FAH observation group had significantly improved the average(t =2.219,P<0.05).Conclusion r-hGH can improve the ISS boys FAH, but early treatment, the longer the course the more obvious effects.

ObjectiveTo investigate the neural mechanism of prospective memory(PM) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).MethodsFifteen healthy volunteers were enrolled,and all subjects were scanned with fMRI while performing the event-based PM tasks (double-task paradigm,including the ongoing task and PM task).And the image data were preprocessed and analyzed by using SPM8 software.Results ( 1 ) Compared to the control task,bilateral rostral prefrontal cortex ( x,y,z =6/- 2,54/42,- 8/- 12,t =3.71 ),right somatosensory association area ( x,y,z =14,- 62,64,t =4.64 ),superior temporal gyrus ( x,y,z =42,- 46,16,t =3.95 ) and right paracentral lobule (x,y,z =10,-22,76,t =4.01 ) were activated significantly by the ongoing task (P ＜ 0.001 ).(2) Bilateral rostral prefrontal cortex ( x,y,z =- 2/6,42/54,- 12/- 12,t =3.28) and paracentral lobule (x,y,z =- 30/10,- 22/- 22,72/76,t =4.25 ),left postcentral gyrus ( x,y,z =- 38,- 46,64,t=3.13) and middle occipital gyrus ( x,y,z =- 30,- 70,0,t =3.97 ) were activated significantly by the PM task (P ＜ 0.001 ).ConclusionRostral prefrontal cortex (BA 10 area) is the major area of prospective memory,and medial BA10 area may be involved in the monitoring of external cues.The present study supports the gateway hypotheses of prospective memory.

Objective To investigate the clinical features and risk factors of adult nephrotic syndrome with pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE). Methods Sixty patients diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome and clinically suspected with PTE were enrolled in this retrospective study. Patients were divided into PTE group (n=32) and no-PTE group (n=28) according to the results of computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTPA). The single factor analysis and Logistic repres?sion analysis were used to analyse risk factors including age, gender, onset time, clinical symptoms, laboratory examination and pathological types. According to the independent risk factors, the receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) was used to determine PTE threshold value based on the evaluation index in nephrotic syndrome. Results Single factor analysis showed that there were significant differences in disease duration, hemoglobin, serum albumin, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, D-dimer and physical examination in P2 hyperthyroidism between two groups (P <0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that D-dimer was independent risk factor of PTE. The analysis of ROC curve indi?cated that D-dimer optimal threshold was 1 015.50μg/L. Conclusion D-dimer is an independent risk factor of PTE in pa?tients with nephrotic syndrome. When D-dimer is greater than 1 015.50μg/L, should pay attention to the occurrence of PTE.

Objective To investigate the feasibility of reconstruction of ureter with tubularized peritoneal free grafts for the treatment of avulsion of ureteral mucosa using animal models.Methods Twelve adult dogs were randomly divided into the reconstruction group(n=6) and the control group(n=6).Firstly,the model of avulsion of ureteral mucosa about 3-5 cm long was made.In reconstruction group,tubularized peritoneal free grafts and ureteral stents were placed in the injured ureters;and in control group,no operation was performed but to place the stents into the ureter.The curative effect was observed by IVU and histological examination 10 weeks after operation.Results In reconstruction group,IVU showed normal size and morphology of the kidneys.There was no hydronephrosis,and no obvious stricture of the part of ureter in which peritoneal free grafts were used as mucosa substitutes.In control group,IVU showed no image or only obscure enlarged outlines of the kidneys,and no image of the ureters.Atresia or severe stricture of the ureters was observed in all dogs in control group;while in reconstruction group,the peritoneal membrane was replaced by integrate transitional epithelium,and no obvious stricture was observed.Subepithelial abundant neovascularization was also seen.Conclusions For avulsion of ureteral mucosa exceeding 3 cm,placing stents only will lead to ureteral stricture or atresia,reconstruction using tubularized peritoneal free grafts as mucosa substitutes is an effective method.

Objective To achieve the best chance and optimize the method of operation,the clinical outcomes of 76 cases with complete atrioventricular septal defect (CAVSD) were summarized.Methods According to the Rastelli classification,there were 57 cases of type A,6 type B,and 13 type C.The repaired procedures included the two-patch technique for atrioventricular septal defect (65 cases),direct closure of ventricular septal defect (7 cases),and the Glenn bidirection shunt (4 cases).Results Two patients died.Of them,one was concomitant with double outlet right ventricle (DORV) and total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC),died of low cardiac output syndrome; another was complicated with severe pulmonary hypertension,and the death reason was hypoxaemia and respiratory function failure.The survived patients were followed up,and the follow-up period was varied from one to ten years,mitral valve regurgitation was found in 12 cases,3 were middle and 9 were mild.Conclusions In order to prevent deteriorated condition of these patients and improve the survival rate,CAVSD should be operated as soon as the diagnosis is certain,and the co-exist malformation also should be corrected.

Objective To evaluate the clinical value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in preoperative diagnosis of anal fistula. Methods Forty-five patients with fistula in ano were evaluated by physical examination, then CEUS were peformed by injecting SonoVue through the external opening to enhance the detection of the fistulous track and the internal opening. The results of CEUS were matched with surgical features to establish their accuracy in preoperative assessment of anal fistula. Results Simple typing fistula was found in 19 of 45 patients and 26 patients had complex fistulas. The accurate diagnostic rates by conventional ultrasound of simple typing fistula and complex fistulas were 89. 5% and 61.5%,respectively,the accurate diagnostic rates by CEUS of simple typing fistula and complex fistulas were 94. 7% and 92.3%, respectively, there was no significant difference between conventional ultrasound and CEUS about simple typing fistula( P ＞0.05), and there was significant difference about complex fistulas ( P ＜0. 05). Conclusions CEUS has a good visibility and accurate rate for diagnosis of anal fistula,It plays an important role for operation.

Objective To explore the repair mechanism of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs)-neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) gene engineering cell on neuron myeline and axon of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE).Methods OECs-NT-3 gene engineering cell, constructed by ueurotrophin-3 transinfecting OECs inducted by retrovirus, was transplanted into lateral ventricle.The migration and distribution were observed and compared with control group and OECs transplantation group.Then myeline repair and axon regeneration were evaluated in the aspects of function score, morphological structure, SYN grey level Results (1) OECs-NT-3 could survive, diffuse, migrate with axons, spread in the focus diffusely on the 28th day after transplantation.(2) OECs-NT-3 survived and migrated to the transcription level of NT-3 mRNA in transgene group, being (212.3±16.1)×10-2, significantly higher than OECs group ((1.98±0.19)×10-2) and the contrast group ((1.23±0.13)×10-2, t = - 31.161, -31.928, P < 0.01).(3) The myeline of transgene group was kept complete and the number of inflamatory focus was lower than those of other groups (t = 11.388-22.728, P <0.01).(4) The SYN grey level of transgene group was obviously higher (P < 0.01).Conclusion OECs-NT-3 cell expresses NT-3 in EAE stably and effectively, which contributes to the repair of myeline and the regeneration of axon.

Objective To evaluate the application of “expert-guided network tracking system” in training community general practitioner for hypertension management.Methods Total 855 general practitioners (GPs) from 20 community health service centers in Hangzhou,Jiaxing and Shaoxing of Zhejiang province were divided into two groups: 430 GPs from 10 community health centers received training for hypertension management using “ expert-guided networking tracking system” (intervention group) in December 2008 and 425 GPs from another 10 health centers received conventional training (control group).Questionnaire surveys about the knowledge and skill of hypertension management were conducted before and 3 y after training.Results The awareness rates of knowledge about hypertension prevention and control,non-drug therapy and drug therapy increased from 37.0％ (159/430),45.6％ (196/430),42.8％ (184/430) to 66.8％ (284/425),81.4％ (346/425),77.6％ (330/425),respectively and the accuracy of case analysis increased from 38.4％ (490/1290) to 73.3％ (946/1290) (P ＜0.01) after training in intervention group.Meanwhile the knowledge and case management abilities in control group were also improved after conventional training,but the degree was significantly lower than that in the intervention group.Conclusions “Expert-guided networking tracking system” can significantly improve the knowledge and skills for hypertension management in community general practitioners.

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of IFNα combined with mannan peptide in treatment of patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B ( CHB ). Methods Eighty HBeAg-positive CHB patients with HBV DNA quantity ranging from 10 to 10 eopies/mL were enrolled and randomized into the treatment group and the control group ( n = 40 for each ). Patients in treatment group were given daily subcutaneous injection of IFNα-2b 5,000,000 U for 52 weeks, and received mannan peptide 10 mg per intravenous injection or 2. 5 mg per intramuscular injection for a total of 2 to 3 treatment courses (12 weeks for each). The control group received only IFNα-2b treatment. Liver function, serum markers of hepatitis B, HBV DNA quantity and blood tests were performed before the treatment and at 2, 4, 8, 16, 26 and 52-week during the treatment; and the adverse effects were recorded. Results The rates for ALT normalization, negative HBsAg, negative HBeAg, HBeAg seroconversion and negative HBV DNA were 91. 8% , 17. 5% , 52. 5% , 27. 5 % and 47. 5% at 52nd week in the treatment group, while those in the control group were 80. 0% , 12. 5% , 30. 0% , 10. 0 % and 25. 0% , respectively. There were significant differences in HBeAg-negative, HBeAg-seroeonversion and HBV DNA-negative rates between two groups (χ2 = 4. 178, 4.021 and 4.381, P < 0. 05 ) , and these indexes in the treatment group were increased to 57. 5% , 30. 0% and 50. 0 respectively at 52nd week after drug withdraw. White blood cells began to be elevated at 4th week and were restored to the normal levels at 8th week in the treatment group, while the count in the control was lower than the normal value even at 52nd week of the treatment with the average of (3.45±1. 18)×109/L. Conclusion Alpha-interferon combined with mannan peptide therapy is effective for patients with HBeAg-positive CHB, which may restore the declined peripheral WBC counts induced by interferon and improve the compliance.