Objective To investigate the preventive effects of emilia sonchifolia on experimental hepatic steatosis in rats and its molecular mechanism.Methods Seventy Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into five groups: normal control, model, high dose emilia sonchifolia, low dose emilia sonchifolia groups and high dose emilia sonchifolia + phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated protein kinase 1/2 (pERK1/2) inhibitor (PD98059) group (PD group). In normal control group, the rats were fed with normal diet, and in the other four groups, the rats were fed with high fat and low protein diet combined with 30% carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) peanut oil 2 mL/kg subcutaneous injection, once every 3 days for consecutive 3 weeks to establish animal models with hepatic steatosis. In emilia sonchifolia high and low dose groups, 5.0 g/kg and 2.5 g/kg doses of emilia sonchifolia were given respectively by gavage, once a day. In PD group, after administration of emilia sonchifolia high dose by gavage once a day, additionally PD98059 0.3 mg/kg was injected through a tail vein, once a week. After 3 weeks, all rats were switched to normal diet and treatment continued as before. At the end of the 5th week, liver tissues were taken for pathological analyses. The serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) were determinated by automatic biochenical analyzer. The positive cell count and protein expressions of sterol-regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP-1), pERK1/2, toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) and high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) were tested by immunohistochemistry, Western Blot and flow cytometry. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malonaldehyde (MDA) in liver cell homogenate were detected by hydroxylamine and TBA method.Results Compared with the model group, the lobular inflammation in high and low dose emilia sonchifolia groups and PD group was attenuated (1.50±0.53, 1.80±0.43, 1.20±0.42 vs. 2.30±0.48), and ALT, AST, TC, TG, SREBP-1, and MDA were significantly decreased, the decrease in high dose emilia sonchifolia group being the most significant [ALT (U/L): 51.91±6.95 vs. 66.50±12.15, AST (U/L): 125.70±5.62 vs. 147.10±10.52, TC (mmol/L): 1.79±1.04 vs. 2.81±1.08, TG (mmol/L): 0.87±0.55 vs. 1.17±0.67, SREBP-1: (30.60±5.56)% vs. (53.10±5.02)%, MDA (nmol/mg): 5.20±0.87 vs. 10.61±5.45,P < 0.05 orP < 0.01]; the relative expression levels of pERK1/2, TLR4, and HMGB1 showed no statistically significant differences between each treated group and the model group [pERK1/2: (43.77±4.93)% vs. (46.83±5.27)%, TLR4 (rmfi): 69.12±24.64 vs. 69.08±24.32, HMGB1 (rmfi): 22.93±14.88 vs. 33.17±13.29, allP > 0.05]. While the above index values in PD group were close to those in high dose emilia sonchifolia group, showing that PD98059 had no impact on emilia sonchifolia's action.Conclusions Emilia sonchifolia can alleviate hepatic injury and attenuate lobular inflammation in rat experimental hepatic steatosis. Its mechanism is possibly related to the reduction of oxidative stress reaction, and SREBP-1 may be as a mediator involved in the action.

Objective To investigate the inhibitory mechanism of emodin on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced nitric oxide(NO)generation in rat peritoneal macrophages.Methods NO production and iNOS expression were measured through nitrite assay and Western blotting assay,respectively.NF-kB activity and nuclei P65 expression were estimated by dual-luciferase and Western blotting assay,respectively.Intracellular free Ca2+([Ca2+]i)was detected using the ratiometric fluorescent calcium indicator dye,Fura-2,and a microspectrofluorometer.PLC-γphosporylation was analyzed by Western blotting assay.Results First,emodin was found playing active roles in suppressing LPS-induced NF-kB activation in rat peritoneal macrophages.Second,emodin down-regulated transient[Ca2*]i and could increase in NF-kB upstream signal.Finally,emodin suppressed phosphorylation of PLC-γ by LPS stimulation in the upstream of[Ca2+]i.Conclusion Suppression of PLC-γ phosphorylation is involved in emodin inhibiting NO generation by LPS stimulation in rat peritoneal macrophages.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effects of the implementation of National Essential Medicine System on the utilization rate of hormone drugs in primary medical institutions in China systematically.METHODS:Retrieved from CJFD,Wanfang database and VIP,the literatures about the use of hormone drugs were collected before and after the implementation of National Essential Medicine System.Meta-analysis was performed by using Stata 13.0 software after utilization rate dam extraction and quality evaluation with Cochrane system evaluator manual 5.1.0.RESULTS:A total of 20 literatures were included.Results of Meta-analysis showed that utilization rate of hormone drugs after the implementation of National Essential Medicine System was significantly lower than before implementation,with statistical significance [RD =-0.03,95 ％ CI (-0.05,-0.02),P＜ 0.001].Results of subgroup Meta-analysis of utilization rate of hormone drugs in different areas before and after the implementation of National Essential Medicine System showed that the utilization rate of hormone drugs in eastern areas was significantly lower after the implementation of National Essential Medicine System than before [RD=-0.06,95％ CI(0.09,-0.03),P=0.001] with statistical significance.There was no statistical significance in the utilization rate of hormone drugs in middle area [RD=-0.02,95 ％ CI(0.06,0.02),P=0.235] or western area [RD=-0.01,95％ CI (-0.02,0),P=0.122] before and after the implementation of National Essential Medicine System.CONCLUSIONS:The implementation of National Essential Medicine System reduces the utilization of hormone drugs in primary medical institutions.The effect of the eastern area is more obvious than in middle and western area.

The clinical data of 9 patients with exogenous lipid pneumonia confirmed by pathology were retrospectively analyzed. There were 4 males and 5 females, aged 57-79 years, with a history of intestinal obstruction and oral administration of liquid paraffin. The main clinical symptoms were cough, expectoration and fever (8 cases), and combined with wheezing (5 case); and crackles and rhonchi were revealed on chest auscultation in all patients. The right lung lower lobe was involved in all 9 cases, the left lower lobe, right middle and lower lobe were also involved in 6 case. The CT scan showed that infiltration (7 case) and consolidation (6 case) were the most common imaging features, followed by the septal thickening (5 case) and pleural effusion (4 case); the low density fat-like changes within the consolidative opacities was a specific feature of lipid pneumonia (3 case). The lung biopsy was performed in the target site through bronchoscope, and pathology showed the interstitial fibrous tissue hyperplasia with chronic inflammatory cell infiltration and adipocyte-like cells. Six patients were treated with glucocorticoid and repeated bronchoalveolar lavage with good response, one cases died and two cases discharged automatically. The clinical manifestation and imaging features of exogenous lipid pneumonia are lack of specificity; transbronchial lung biopsy is an effective method for the diagnosis. The repeated bronchoalveolar lavage with saline combined with medication of glucocorticoids are effective for the treatment of exogenous lipid pneumonia.