Radiopharmaceuticals operate by combining radionuclides with carriers. The radiation energy emitted by radionuclides is utilized to selectively irradiate diseased tissues while minimizing damage to healthy tissues. In comparison to external beam radiation therapy, radionuclide drugs demonstrate research potential due to their biological targeting capabilities and reduced normal tissue toxicity. This article reviews the applications and research progress of radiopharmaceuticals in cancer treatment. Several key radionuclides are examined, including ²²³Ra, ⁹⁰Y, Lutetium-177 (¹⁷⁷Lu), ²¹²Pb, and Actinium-225 (²²⁵Ac). It also explores the current development trends of radiopharmaceuticals, encompassing the introduction of novel radionuclides, advancements in imaging technologies, integrated diagnosis and treatment approaches, and equipment-medication combinations. We review the progress in the development of new treatments, such as neutron capture therapy, proton therapy, and heavy ion therapy. Furthermore, we examine the challenges and breakthroughs associated with the clinical translation of radiopharmaceuticals and provide recommendations for the research and development of novel radionuclide drugs.
Humans ; Radiopharmaceuticals/therapeutic use* ; Neoplasms/radiotherapy* ; Radioisotopes/therapeutic use* ; Animals

Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.

Objective To compare the clinical and functional differences between transoral and submandibular approach in mandibu-lar segmental resection and reconstruction with free fibula flaps(FFFs).Methods Patients who underwent mandibular segmental re-section and FFFs reconstruction in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 2015 to March 2023 were retrospectively analyzed.All cases were divided into transoral approach and submandibular approach groups.Clinical characteristics of the patients were recorded including age,gender,follow-up time,pathologi-cal diagnosis,body mass index(BMI),American Society of Anesthesiologists(ASA)classification,James Brown classification of mandibular defect and number of fibular segments.The perioperative indexes,such as average operation time,average bleeding vol-ume,average blood transfusion volume,average drainage volume,average hospitalization time and postoperative complications such as malocclusion,fistula,infection,flap failure,and restriction of mouth opening were compared between the two groups.The University of Washington Quality of Life Questionnaire was used to investigate the appearance,function of swallow and speech more than 6-month postoperatively.Results The average intraoperative bleeding and postoperative drainage were significantly lower in the transoral ap-proach group than in the submandibular approach group(P=0.013 9,P=0.001 9).The appearance score was significantly higher in the transoral approach group than in the submandibular approach group(83.52±12.37)vs.(67.19±13.64)(P＜0.000 1).The differ-ences between the two groups in other variables were not statistically significant.Conclusion Cases of transoral approach had signifi-cantly better aesthetic outcomes compared with those of submandibular approach.

Objective To compare the clinical and functional differences between transoral and submandibular approach in mandibu-lar segmental resection and reconstruction with free fibula flaps(FFFs).Methods Patients who underwent mandibular segmental re-section and FFFs reconstruction in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 2015 to March 2023 were retrospectively analyzed.All cases were divided into transoral approach and submandibular approach groups.Clinical characteristics of the patients were recorded including age,gender,follow-up time,pathologi-cal diagnosis,body mass index(BMI),American Society of Anesthesiologists(ASA)classification,James Brown classification of mandibular defect and number of fibular segments.The perioperative indexes,such as average operation time,average bleeding vol-ume,average blood transfusion volume,average drainage volume,average hospitalization time and postoperative complications such as malocclusion,fistula,infection,flap failure,and restriction of mouth opening were compared between the two groups.The University of Washington Quality of Life Questionnaire was used to investigate the appearance,function of swallow and speech more than 6-month postoperatively.Results The average intraoperative bleeding and postoperative drainage were significantly lower in the transoral ap-proach group than in the submandibular approach group(P=0.013 9,P=0.001 9).The appearance score was significantly higher in the transoral approach group than in the submandibular approach group(83.52±12.37)vs.(67.19±13.64)(P＜0.000 1).The differ-ences between the two groups in other variables were not statistically significant.Conclusion Cases of transoral approach had signifi-cantly better aesthetic outcomes compared with those of submandibular approach.

Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.

BACKGROUND:Hydroxyapatite is the main inorganic component of bone tissue.The polymer has the structure and function of a biomimetic extracellular matrix.The composites of hydroxyapatite and polymer have been widely studied. OBJECTIVE:To summarize the research status of hydroxyapatite composite polymer materials for bone tissue repair. METHODS:The articles collected in PubMed,Web of Science,CNKI and WanFang databases were searched from January 2010 to April 2023.The Chinese and English search terms were"hydroxyapatite,polymer,composites,degradability,bone defect,bone repair".Finally,75 articles were included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Polymers often used in composite with hydroxyapatite for bone tissue repair include natural polymers(collagen,chitosan,alginate,serine protein,cellulose,hyaluronic acid,and polyhydroxybutyrate)and synthetic polymers[polylactic acid,polylactic acid-hydroxyacetic acid copolymer,poly(has-lactide),poly(amino acid)and poly(vinyl alcohol)].The mechanical properties and osteoinductivity of hydroxyapatite/polymer composites were improved compared with pure hydroxyapatite.Hydroxyapatite composite with polymers can be made into porous scaffolds,hydrogels,and coatings for bone repair.Hydroxyapatite/polymer composites can accelerate bone reconstruction with a slow release of loaded drugs and cytokines due to their bionic extracellular matrix structure and function.Based on the diversity of causes of bone defects and the fact that bone repair is a complex continuous process involving multiple biological factors and proteins,repair materials with mechanical properties matching bone tissue,degradation processes synchronized with bone repair,and efficient osteogenesis and vascularization need to be further investigated.

Objective To optimize the preparation process of hydroxysafflor yellow A(HSYA)nanoparticle and conduct in vitro release evaluation.Methods HSYA nanoparticles were prepared with PLGA as carrier by modified compound emulsion method.The optimal preparation process of the experiment was selected by Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken response surface method.The nanoparticles were characterized by using particle size analyzer,TEM scanning electron microscope,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),X-ray diffraction(XRD).Frozen(4℃)storage stability,stability in physiological medium,lyophilized protective agent and in vitro release rate were investigated.Results The optimal process prescription of nanoparticle is as follow:pH value is 6.95,the dosage is 2.8 mg,and carrier dosage is 18.2 mg.The size of nanoparticles obtained at optimum condition is(176.4±1.29)nm,the polydiseperse index(PDI)is 0.152±0.014,the Zeta potential is(-17.6±0.46)mV,the encapsulation rate is(78.5±0.49)％,drug loading is(7.3±0.07)％.These nanoparticles showed round and good dispersion.Good stability in 4℃ storage environment and different physiological media of nanoparticles were observed.The best lyophilized protective agent was 1％glucose and the in vitro release rate of nanoparticles at 48 hours was 85％.Conclusion The optimization method is reasonable and reliable.The obtained nanoparticles have good stability and sustained-release effect.The in vitro release behavior conformed to first-order kinetic model.

Objective: To explore the longitudinal association between organophosphate esters (OPEs) exposure and blood pressure in children, so as to provide a reference for identifying the effects of OPEs exposure on child health. Methods: A total of 404 children from the Beijing Child Growth and Health Cohort (PROC) were enrolled using a case cohort study design, baseline physical examination, urine collection, questionnaires survey were administered in 2018 and follow up surveys in 2019-2020 and 2023. Participants were divided into case group ( n =140) and control group ( n =264) according to the observation of new onset of high blood pressure during the follow up period. High performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used to detect diethyl phosphate (DEP)，bis (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP)，bis (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, (BCIPP), diphenyl phosphate(DPHP), dibutyl phosphate (DnBP), bis (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate(BDCIPP), bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate(BBOEP), bis (2-butoxyethyl) 2-hydroxyethyl phosphate (BBOEHEP), 4-hydroxyphenyl diphenyl phosphate (4-OH-TPHP). Generalized linear mixed models and Quantile g computation models were developed to analyze the longitudinal associations between OPEs individual/mixed exposure and blood pressure in children. Results: The detection range of 9 OPEs metabolites,including DEP, BCEP, BCIPP, DPHP, DnBP, BDCIPP, BBOEP, BBOEHEP and 4-OH-TPHP at three time points (baseline, first follow up and second follow up) were 27.7%-92.1%, 24.0%-99.3% and 39.2%-90.9% respectively. Without adjustment for covariates such as gender, age, body mass index, Tanner stage, parental education, and monthly household income, and family history of hypertension, the increase of BDCIPP concentration and mixed exposure of OPEs may reduce children s systolic blood pressure( β= -0.85，-2.40，95%CI=-1.69--0.01，-3.30--1.50，P <0.05). After adjusting for the covariates, the longitudinal association of individual OPEs or mixed exposure with pediatric BP was not statistically significant ( P >0.05). Conclusion Children are commonly exposed to OPEs, and although no significant longitudinal associations are observed between exposure to OPEs and blood pressure among school aged children in Beijing, it is recommended that child exposure should be minimized whenever possible.

Objective: To explore sex difference in the cardiovascular health (CVH) status of 6-8 year old children in Beijing, so as to inform the early intervention of CVH related lifestyles. Methods: Based on the Beijing Children s Growth and Health Cohort (PROC), baseline physical examination, sequential questionnaire survey, and laboratory tests were conducted among 1 914 grade 1 students. Children s CVH and its subscales (health behaviors and health factors) scores were calculated according to the Life s Essential 8 (LE 8) index and categorized into high, moderate, and low CVH. CVH scores were reported as medians and interquartile ranges; sex differences were compared using the Chi square test and Wilcoxon test. Results: Among the 1 914 participants, the percentages of high, moderate, and low CVH were 35.7%, 63.5%, and 0.8%, respectively, and the percentages of high, moderate, and low health behavior scores were 25.9%, 67.5%, and 6.6%, respectively, with no statistically significant differences between sex ( χ 2=2.30, 0.07, P >0.05). The rates of high, moderate, and low health factor scores for boys and girls were 61.1%, 36.0%, 2.9% and 71.1%, 28.4%, 0.5%, respectively, with a statistically significant sex difference ( χ 2=31.88, P < 0.01). The overall CVH score was 76.0(70.0, 83.0), 76.0(69.0, 82.0) for boys, and 77.0(71.0, 83.0) for girls. Among the health behavior metrics, sleep scores were the best and physical activity scores were the worst[100.0(90.0,100.0), 40.0(20.0, 80.0 )]; among the health factor metrics, blood glucose scores were the best and lipid scores were the worst[100.0(100.0,100.0), 60.0(40.0,100.0)]. In respect to health factors, there were significant gender differences in body mass index, blood lipids, blood sugar, and blood pressure scores ( Z =-6.92, 3.01, -6.60, -2.30, <0.05), but there were no significant gender differences in diet, physical activity, nicotine exposure, or sleep scores with regards to health behaviors ( Z =0.99, 0.88, -0.13, 0.36, P > 0.05 ). Compared to boys, girls in the low and moderate CVH groups had high health factor scores despite low health behavior scores. Conclusion Most 6 to 8-year-old children in Beijing were found to have relatively good CVH, and optimization of children s CVH status can be achieved by promoting healthier lifestyles and monitoring health factors, especially among boys.

Objective To summarize the clinical effect and adverse reactions of avatrombopag combined with tacrolimus in the treatment of elderly patient with refractory severe aplastic anemia. Methods An elderly patient with refractory severe aplastic anemia was treated with avatrombopag and tacrolimus, and the literature review on the mechanism of action and safety of avatrombopag and tacrolimus was conducted. Results The patient was treated with a combination of cyclosporine, testosterone undecanoate, and itraconazole for 6 months without success, and developed liver and kidney dysfunction. The medication was discontinued, and the patient was treated with a combination of avatrombopag (20 mg, once per day) and tacrolimus (1 mg, twice per day). After 9 months of treatment, the patient's platelet count increased to 54×10⁹/L, the hemoglobin increased to 124 g/L, the white blood cells increased to 8.23×10⁹/L, liver and kidney function also returned to normal level, and no other adverse reactions such as thrombotic events were observed. After treatment, CD4/CD8 decreased, CD8⁺ T cells increased, and the proportion of Treg cells increased as well. Conclusion The combination of avatrombopag and tacrolimus is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of elderly patient with refractory aplastic anemia, but the long-term follow-up observation and continued accumulation of cases are still needed in the future.