In the present study, comparison have been made between two kinds of double labelling methods; single side labelling and both sides labelling. To make the different groups be comparable, all sections were continuously cut from the same specimen and all labelling processes were carried out at the same ti- me. The groups were divided as follows: A, one side anti-?-amylase labelling and one side antitrypsin labelling; B, single side labelling of anti-?-amylase and antitrypsin; C, one incubation with anti-?-amylase, followed by two incu- bations with protein A-gold (PAG) complexes of varied size, C1: 7nm and 20nm, C2: 10nm and 20nm, C3: 20nm and 7nm; D, single side labelling of anti- ?-amylase and an unrelated antiserum (antichathepsin D), applying free protein A between two labellings; E, as C, but with free protein A between two PAG incubations; F, as control. Group A and B showed that the two labelling me- thods had almost the same sensitivity.Group C indicated that the interaction of single side labelling were resulted from the combination of the second PAG with the free Fc region of the first antiserum. To decrease the interaction, it was necessary for the second PAG to be much larger than the first one.Group D de- monstrated that the interaction between the second antiserum and the first PAG was very feeble. Group E proved that free protein A could completely prevent the interaction of single side labelling method. The both sides labelling method avoids interaction, but mistakes resulting from the ultrastructural differences on two sides of the sections may happen. Which method to be selected is dependent upon what to be labelled.

The DNA copy-number variant (CNV) is a kind of segments of DNA ranging from 1 kb to 3 Mb that is present in a variable number of copies.CNVs widely distribute across the human genome,and dramatically increases genetic diversity.In recent years,researches have found that most CNVs are closely related to complex diseases.If a cancer gene is directly encompassed or overlapped by a CNV,it may lead to activation of oncogenes or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes,and finally results in tumorigenesis.CNVs can affect gene expression,phenotype differences and phenotypic adaptations by changing gene dosages and gene activities,and then sequentially lead to tumor or any other genetic dieases.Investigating CNVs is apparently helpful for studing chromosome recombination,genomic evolution,gene expression and the pathogenesis of multiple complex diseases especially tumor.

Object To examine the quality of leaves from the improved Ginkgo biloba L seedling sprout Methods Total flavonoids in the leaves were determined by HPLC Results Flavonoids in the leaves of seedling sprout were apparently higher in June than in August and November, and were much higher than grafting seedling sprout which was also higher in June than in August 2 year old tree contained 2 5 to 3 8 times more flavonoids than 50 year old tree The content of female trees were higher than that of male Conclusion The content of active flavonoids were related to the season, age, breeding, environment and geographic conditions, etc

Object To stuay the quality of seedling leaves cultured from improved variety of Ginkgo biloba L.. Methods The content of terpene lactones in seedling leaves of G. biloba were determined by RP-HPLC-ELSD.Results The content of total terpene lactone producted in Jun. was more than that in Aug., and it was obviously lower in Nov.. The content of terpene lactone in grafting was more than that in seedling. The content of terpene lactone in male trees was more than that in female trees.Conclusion The content of the active components was related to the season of growth, age of tree, raising modes, environment of growth, geographic conditions and others. The evaluation of the content of the main active components BB and GB showed that the quality of seedling leaves cultured from improved variety of G. biloba in Jinagxi is better than that reported by literature.

Pathology is a subject that studies the etiology,pathogenesis,pathological changes,progression and outcome of diseases.Pathology links the basic research and clinical practice and is an important part of translational medicine.In order to cultivate qualified pathological graduates with solid pathological theories and the abilities of proposing and addressing scientific hypotheses from pathological morphology changes,we employ modularized special training to divide the pathology training courses into morphology learning module,article searching and reading module,project design module,experiment operation module and scientific presentation module.The training contents among these modules are relatively independent but closely connected,and compose a strategy that aims to improve the scientific innovation ability of pathological graduates.

Objective:To investigate the pathological characteristics and the clinical significance of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)-infected pneumonia (termed by WHO as coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19).Methods:Minimally invasive autopsies from lung, heart, kidney, spleen, bone marrow, liver, pancreas, stomach, intestine, thyroid and skin were performed on three patients died of novel coronavirus pneumonia in Chongqing, China. Hematoxylin and eosin staining (HE), transmission electron microcopy, and histochemical staining were performed to investigate the pathological changes of indicated organs or tissues. Immunohistochemical staining was conducted to evaluate the infiltration of immune cells as well as the expression of 2019-nCoV proteins. Real time PCR was carried out to detect the RNA of 2019-nCoV.Results:Various damages were observed in the alveolar structure, with minor serous exudation and fibrin exudation. Hyaline membrane formation was observed in some alveoli. The infiltrated immune cells in alveoli were majorly macrophages and monocytes. Moderate multinucleated giant cells, minimal lymphocytes, eosinophils and neutrophils were also observed. Most of infiltrated lymphocytes were CD4-positive T cells. Significant proliferation of type Ⅱ alveolar epithelia and focal desquamation of alveolar epithelia were also indicated. The blood vessels of alveolar septum were congested, edematous and widened, with modest infiltration of monocytes and lymphocytes. Hyaline thrombi were found in a minority of microvessels. Focal hemorrhage in lung tissue, organization of exudates in some alveolar cavities, and pulmonary interstitial fibrosis were observed. Part of the bronchial epithelia were exfoliated. Coronavirus particles in bronchial mucosal epithelia and type Ⅱ alveolar epithelia were observed under electron microscope. Immunohistochemical staining showed that part of the alveolar epithelia and macrophages were positive for 2019-nCoV antigen. Real time PCR analyses identified positive signals for 2019-nCoV nucleic acid. Decreased numbers of lymphocyte, cell degeneration and necrosis were observed in spleen. Furthermore, degeneration and necrosis of parenchymal cells, formation of hyaline thrombus in small vessels, and pathological changes of chronic diseases were observed in other organs and tissues, while no evidence of coronavirus infection was observed in these organs.Conclusions:The lungs from novel coronavirus pneumonia patients manifest significant pathological lesions, including the alveolar exudative inflammation and interstitial inflammation, alveolar epithelium proliferation and hyaline membrane formation. While the 2019-nCoV is mainly distributed in lung, the infection also involves in the damages of heart, vessels, liver, kidney and other organs. Further studies are warranted to investigate the mechanism underlying pathological changes of this disease.