Objective:To analyze the awareness rate of obesity risk factors among children and adoles-cents, and to provide the basis for preventing their obesity. Methods: The students selected by using stratified cluster sampling method, were measured for the body height, weight, and waist circumference, and were surveyed for the awareness rate of obesity risk factors by using the questionnaire. The distribu-tion characteristics of awareness on obesity risk factors were analyzed. Results: The awareness rate of obesity risk factors was 74 . 1%, and there was no significant difference on the awareness rate of obesity risk factors between the males [71. 2% (247/347)] and females [77. 2% (257/333)], the abdominal obesity students [73. 5% (202/275)] and non-abdominal obesity students [74. 6% (302/405)], the overall obesity students [74. 3% (185/249)] and non-overall obesity students [74. 0% (319/431)], re-spectively. However, the awareness rate of obesity risk factors among the primary school students was 81. 9% (272/332) that was higher than that of the middle school students [66. 7% (232/348)] (P<0. 05). Compared with the primary school students, the non-awareness risk of obesity risk factors would in-crease among the middle school students (OR=2. 23, P<0. 05). Conclusion:The overall awareness rate of obesity risk factors is not high among children and adolescents, especially among middle school students.

This paper presents a new impulse noise filter based on pulse coupled neural networks according to the apparent difference of gray value between noised pixels and the pixels around them. Comparing with the state-of-the-art denoised PCNN filter, the step by step modifying algorithm based on PCNN also, the new PCNN filter suggested in this paper costs less computation and less execution time. At the same time this new PCNN filter has been compared with other nonlinear filters, such as median filter, the stack filter based on omnidirectional structural elements constrains, the Omnidirectional morphology Open-Closing maximum filter (OOCmax) and the Omnidirectional morphology Close-Opening minimum (OCOmin) filter. The results of simulation shows that this algorithm is superior to standard median filter, the state-of-the-art PCNN filter, the maximal, minimal morphological filter with omnidirectional structuring elements, and the optimal stack filter based on omnidirectional structural elements constrains in the aspect of the impulse noise removal. What is more important is that this algorithm can keep the details of images more effectively.
Computer Simulation ; Humans ; Neural Networks (Computer) ; Neurons ; cytology ; Plant Cells ; Pulse ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; instrumentation

Objective: To investigate consistency of whole-body muscle mass (WBMM) assessed using multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MF-BIA) and dual energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) measurement, and to delvelop the correction regression formulas for the method of MF-BIA. Methods: 1 488 participants who resided in Beijing longer than one year, under 22 to 55 years of age, with self-report BMI ≥24 kg/m² were voluntarily recruited based on convenience sampling in Beijing, from April 1^st 2014 to May 2^nd 2014. After excluded 171 participants who BMI ≤24 kg/m² or with organic diseases when physical examination, Finally 1 317 overweight/obese participants were enrolled into the current study. All the subjects received the measurement of WBMM using both MF-BIA and DXA methods. The paired-samples T test was used to compare the difference of measurement values between MF-BIA and DXA methods. We evaluated the agreement of WBMM measured by MF-BIA and DXA using the interclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and the Bland-Altman plots, and using linear regression method established correction regression formulas. Results: The differences of overweight male, obese male, overweight female, and obese female were (3.29 ± 1.94), (2.05 ± 2.65), (0.17 ± 1.85), and (-2.22 ± 2.89) kg between methods of MF-BIA and DXA, respectively; Except the overweight female, the others groups had the statistically significant difference (P<0.05). The ICC for overweight male, obese male, overweight female, and obese female were 0.958, 0.956, 0.911, and 0.851, respectively (P<0.001). Bland-Altman plots showed that the limit of agreement for four groups were -0.51-7.09, -3.14-7.24, -3.46-3.80, and -7.88-3.44 kg, respectively. Correction regression formulas: overweight male population: y_DXA=-0.648+ 0.952 x_MF-BIA; obese male population: y_DXA=-3.646 + 1.026x_MF-BIA; overweight female groups: y_DXA=-4.800 + 1.117 x_MF-BIA; obese female group: y_DXA=-9.884+ 1.287x_MF-BIA. Conclusion The correlation and agreement of WBMM measured by the methods of BIA and DXA were relative weak in Chinese excess weight male and obese female adults. Therefore, measuring WBMM by MF-BIA method in these adults should be corrected to reduce bias compared with the DXA method.

Objective: To investigate the associations between the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index and main anthropometric parameters, and to provide clues for preventing the reduction of skeletal muscle mass among overweight and obese adults in China. Methods: 1 488 volunteered participants who resided in Beijing longer than one year, between 22 and 55 years old, with self-report BMI ≥24 kg/m² were recruited from April to May 2014. 171 participants whose BMI ≤24 kg/m² or with organic diseases at the first physical examination were excluded, finally 1 317 overweight/obese participants (male and female were 507, and 810, respectively) were enrolled into the present study. After measuring the anthropometric parameters and body composition by the DXA, Pearson correlation analysis and multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the associations between the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index and main anthropometric parameters. Results: The average age of males and females was (35.6±8.4) and (38.2±9.4) years old, respectively. The females' mean levels of body fat percentage, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, and bone mineral density were (41.59±4.14)%, (29.00±3.75) kg/m², (92.56±9.00) cm, (101.74±6.75) cm, and (1.20±0.10) g/cm², respectively; and the males' mean levels were (34.22±4.61)%, (30.07±4.12) kg/m², (99.63±9.49) cm, (102.93±7.28) cm, and (1.28±0.11) g/cm², respectively. The mean level of appendicular skeletal muscle mass and skeletal muscle mass index in males were (26.98±3.88), and (8.96±1.02) kg, respectively, which were significantly higher than it in females ((18.57±2.61), and (7.26±0.83) kg, respectively) (P<0.001). For male, the correlation coefficients of skeletal muscle mass index with BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, body fat percentage and bone mineral density were 0.814, 0.601, 0.637, 0.558, and 0.434, respectively; for female, the correlation coefficients of skeletal muscle mass index with BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, body fat rate and bone mineral density were 0.761, 0.534, 0.585, 0.610, and 0.304, respectively. The correlations were statistically significant (P<0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the skeletal muscle mass index of male decreased with the increase of age (β=-0.01, 95%CI:-0.01-0.00) and body fat percentage (β=-0.13, 95%CI:-0.15--0.12) (P<0.05), while increased with the increase of BMI (β=0.31, 95%CI: 0.29-0.32) and bone mineral density (β=0.54, 95%CI: 0.10-1.01) (P<0.05). The skeletal muscle mass index of female decreased with the increase of age (β=-0.01, 95%CI:-0.01-0.00) and body fat percentage (β=-0.12, 95%CI:-0.14--0.12) (P<0.05), while increased with the increase of BMI (β=0.26, 95%CI: 0.25-0.28) and hip circumference (β=0.01, 95%CI: 0.00-0.02) (P<0.05). Conclusion The skeletal muscle mass index of male was higher than it of female. For male, the skeletal muscle mass index might be associated with age, BMI, body fat percentage and bone mineral density. While for female, the skeletal muscle mass index might be associated with age, BMI, body fat percentage and hip circumference.

Objective: To examine the association between polymorphism of rs10185316 in insulin-induced gene 2 (INSIG2) and blood pressure among children and adolescents. Methods: 9 junior middle schools in Dongcheng District of Beijing and 5 schools (3 primary junior middle schools, 2 primary schools) in Haidian District of Beijing were chosen in 2005 and 2007, respectively. According to the Chinese BMI percentile criteria for screening overweight and obesity in school children, we recruited 1 425 overweight or obese children and 605 normal weight children. A total of 2 018 students with complete data of blood pressure and genotype data were included in this study. According to the blood pressure criterion of children and adolescents, 702 participants were categorized into high blood pressure group and 1 316 into normal blood pressure group. Participants' information of gender, age, height, weight and blood pressure were collected by questionnaire and physical examination. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood sample for genotyping of INSIG2 rs10185316 polymorphism. Multiple linear regression was conducted to analyze the associations between rs10185316 polymorphism in INSIG2 and SBP, DBP, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and pulse pressure. Results: The age, BMI, SBP and DBP of the high blood pressure group were separately (14.3±1.4) years old, (27.3±4.2) kg/m², (130.5±10.9) and (76.7±13.3) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), all higher than that of the normal blood pressure group, which were (12.2±2.9) years old, (22.0±4.0) kg/m², (104.4±10.9) and(54.6±15.2) mmHg, respectively (all P values<0.001). After age, sex, district and BMI adjusted, compared with the participants carrying INSIG2 rs10185316 CC genotype, CG/GG genotype carriers had lower DBP (β(95%CI):-1.67(-2.84--0.50), P=0.005), higher PP(β(95%CI): 1.91(0.61-3.20), P=0.004), and lower MAP(β(95%CI):=-1.03(-2.01--0.05), P=0.039). Conclusion INSIG2 rs10185316 polymorphism was associated with DBP, PP and MAP among children and adolescents in an independent way from BMI.

This paper describes the state and the development of the application of the modern and traditional image segmentation technology in cell slice image segmentation. It includes edge detection, regional segmentation, wavelet transform, fuzzy mathematics, artificial neural networks, morphological image segmentation and so on. At last, the paper summaries that it is difficult to generally segmentate any kind of biological cell slice image automatically because of the complex structure of cell and cell slice image is not even gray distributed. It should be pointed out that general automatic cell slice image segmentation will be achieved only if visual mathematics model corresponding to mammalian vision systems is setup entirely.
Algorithms ; Cytological Techniques ; Fuzzy Logic ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; methods ; Neural Networks (Computer)

OBJECTIVETo analyze the differences in anthropometric measurements between Mongolia and Han girls and understand the characteristics of their physical development in two ethnic groups.

METHODSThe data on anthropometric measurements of Mongolia and Han girls aged 9-17 years in Inner Mongolia were obtained from the Chinese National Survey on Student's Constitution and Health (CNSSCH) in 2010, and the data included body height, sitting height, chest circumference, weight, triceps skinfold thickness (TST), scapular skinfold thickness (SST), abdominal skinfold thickness (AST), and having menarche or not. The girls were divided into two groups according to having menarche or not, and the differences in anthropometric measurements between Mongolia and Han girls were analyzed for the two groups, respectively.

RESULTSThe proportions of Mongolia girls (9-17 years) who have experienced menarche was higher than that of Han girls (67.6%,1 049/1 553) vs (62.9%,1 837/2 922) (χ² = 9.17, P = 0.002). In girls without menarche (9-14 years), sitting height, AST, and BMI in Mongolia girls was 0.5 cm, 1.6 mm, and 0.4 kg/m², respectively, which were higher than those in Han girls (all P < 0.05). In girls who have experienced menarche (11-17 years), height and SST in Han girls was 0.8 cm, and 1.0 mm, respectively, which were higher than those in Mongolia girls (all P values < 0.01); TST, AST and BMI in Mongolia girls were 0.9 mm, 2.9 mm, and 0.3 kg/m², respectively, which were higher than those in Han girls (all P values < 0.05), respectively.

CONCLUSIONBody AST and BMI in Mongolia girls are higher than those in Han girls, while body height in Han girls is better than that in Mongolia girls after menarche. The differences of physical development between Mongolia girls and Han girls might be different before and after experiencing menarche.

Adolescent ; Anthropometry ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Body Height ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Body Weights and Measures ; Child ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Menarche ; Skinfold Thickness

OBJECTIVETo examine the contribution of insulin related indices on the association between body fat and blood pressure among overweight adults.

METHODSFrom April to May 2014, based on convenience sampling, we recruited overweight and obese volunteer participants aged 20-55 years living in Beijing at least 1 year through a strict examination by doctors in a physical examination center. In this study, we excluded the participants who reported suffering from any severe heart, lung, liver or kidney organic diseases, and abnormal development, disabilities, and secondary obesity caused by other disease. Also participants with use of antihypertensive drugs, hypoglycemic drugs and lipid lowering drugs were excluded for this study. A total of 1 221 participants were investigated in this study. With a simple self-designed questionnaire, the birthdates, sex, drug use, and disease history were examined. Participants' blood pressure (BP), percentage of body fat (PBF), glucose and fasting insulin level were measured. Mediation analysis was used to analyze the total effect of PBF on BP (c), the association between PBF and insulin related indices (a), and the mediation effect of serum fasting insulin level/HOMA-IR/HOMA-%S on relation between PBF and systolic/diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP).

RESULTSPBF was positively associated with SBP (c=0.25 ± 0.05 and 0.19 ± 0.03 for male and female, respectively, P<0.001). In males, PBF was positively associated with fasting insulin level and HOMA-IR (a=0.28 ± 0.05 and 0.24 ± 0.05, P<0.001), and negatively associated with HOMA-%S (a=-0.29 ± 0.05, P<0.001); in females, PBF was positively associated with fasting insulin level, HOMA-IR (a=0.21 ± 0.04 and 0.20 ± 0.04, P<0.001), and negatively associated with HOMA-%S (a=-0.13 ± 0.04, P<0.001). In further mediation analysis for female participants, fasting insulin level/HOMA-IR/HOMA-%S played mediation roles in the relation between PBF and SBP, with ratio of mediation of 13.78%,18.3%, and 5.98%. Fasting insulin level/HOMA-IR also mediated the relation between PBF and DBP, with mediation ratio of 11.98% and 14.13%.

CONCLUSIONIn overweight/obese female participants, insulin related indices mediated the relation between PBF and BP.

Adipose Tissue ; physiology ; Adult ; Beijing ; Blood Glucose ; analysis ; Blood Pressure ; Body Mass Index ; Female ; Humans ; Insulin ; physiology ; Insulin Resistance ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Obesity ; physiopathology ; Overweight ; physiopathology ; Risk Factors ; Young Adult

Objective: This study aimed to explore the association between malnutrition and the level of blood pressure (BP) as well as elevated BP (EBP) in Han students aged 7 to 18 years in China. Methods: 170 037 subjects with normal nutritional status and malnutrition were enrolled in this study from 2014 Chinese National Surveys on Students' Constitution and Health with a multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling framework covering 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities after the exclusion of 44 317 overweight and obese students. According to the standard of "Screening Standard for Malnutrition of School-age Children and Adolescents" (WS/T456-2014), the nutritional status of children were classified into two categories, normal nutritional status and malnutrition containing stunting, mild wasting and moderate severe wasting. The level of BP and prevalence of EBP were compared between students with normal nutritional status and malnutrition. The multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between malnutrition and EBP. Results: The levels of systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) in Chinese Han students aged 7-18 years who were non-overweight and non-obesity status were (103.4±12.3) and (64.7±9.5) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), respectively. The prevalence of EBP, systolic EBP and diastolic EBP in Chinese Han malnourished students (N=21 012) were 3.1% (n=649), 1.5% (n=324) and 2.1% (n=445), respectively, which was significantly lower than those (N=148 320) with normal nutritional status (4.5% (n=6 707), 2.6% (n=3 872) and 2.7% (n=3 959)), and the corresponding differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The OR (95%CI) between malnutrition and EBP was 0.68 (0.62-0.73), which were 0.65 (0.58-0.72) and 0.68 (0.60-0.77) for boys and girls. The OR (95%CI) between EBP and stunting as well as mild wasting and moderate severe wasting were 0.69 (0.62-0.77), 0.63 (0.55-0.72) and 0.79 (0.60-1.05), respectively. Conclusion The level of BP and prevalence of EBP in Chinese Han students with malnutrition were lower than those with normal nutritional status. The negative correlation existed between malnutrition and EBP in Chinese Han students aged 7 to 18 years.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and related factors of dyslipidemia among children and adolescents aged 6-17 years in 7 provinces in China. Methods: Using the method of stratified cluster random sampling, 93 primary and secondary schools were selected from Guangdong, Hunan, Liaoning provinces, Shanghai, Chongqing, Tianjin municipalities and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in China, 2012. A total of 16 434 students aged 6-17 years old with completed physical and lipid profiles parameters were selected into this study from above 93 primary and secondary schools. Dyslipidemia was determined by the definition of Expert Advice on Prevention and Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Children and Adolescents in 2009. Logistic regression model was used to explore the factors related to dyslipidemia. Results: The prevalence of elevated total cholesterol, elevated triglyceride, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and dyslipidemia was 5.4% (887 cases), 15.7% (2 578 cases), 3.0% (492 cases), 13.5% (2 221 cases) and 28.5% (4 679 cases) among children and adolescents aged 6-17 years, respectively. Sugary drinks intake ≥once per week (OR=1.14; 95%CI: 1.05-1.24), sedentary time >10 hours per day (OR=1.14, 95%CI: 1.01-1.28), overweight (OR=1.50, 95%CI: 1.33-1.70), and obesity (OR=2.62, 95%CI: 2.31-2.96) were significantly associated with the prevalence of dyslipidemia. Conclusion The prevalence of dyslipidemia was high among children and adolescents aged 6-17 in 7 provinces in China, 2012. Sugary drinks intake ≥once per week, sedentary time >10 hours per day, overweight and obesity might be the risk factors of dyslipidemia among children and adolescents.