Objective:To analyze and compare clinical characteristics and risk factors of patients with uremic encephalopathy (UE).Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed from January 2014 to January 2019 in our hospital. Seventy patients diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD) at the end stage (according to diagnosis standard of CKD) complicated with UE were classified into the UE group. In principle matching with sex, age and duration of disease, seventy patients with chronic kidney disease at the end stage but without UE were classified into the non-UE group (NUE group). The demographic data, laboratory examination, CT or MRI examination were recorded and analyzed by using t or χ 2 test. In addition, independent risk factors of patients with UE were analyzed by using Logistic model. Results:A total of 70 patients in the UE group and 70 patients in the NUE group were collected. The proportion of patients with a history of alcohol comsumption, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and polycystic kidney disease were higher in the UE group than in the NUE group ( P<0.05). There were no significant differences in hypertension, diabetes, and coronary artery disease history between the two groups ( P>0.05). The proportion of cerebral focus and lesions for brain white matter revealed by head CT or MRI in the UE group were significantly higher than that in the NUE group ( P<0.05). The serum NLR and UA levels in the UE group were higher than those in the NUE group ( P<0.05), but the serum ALB and FT3 levels in the UE group were lower than those in the NUE group ( P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that serum NLR, ALB and FT3 levels were independent risk factors for UE patients. Conclusions:Cerebral focus and lesions for brain white matter revealed by CT or MRI are typical abnormal in UE patients. The serum NLR, FT3 and ALB levels are independent risk factor for UE patients.

Objective To describe the discovery of a residual foci of bancroftian filariasis in Fuchuan County where the disease was announced to have been eliminated, and reveal its epidemiologic feature.Methods The investigation was carried out from August 2007 to March 2008 among residents in Changtang village where the first caseof filariasiswas found and the neighboring villages.They were screened with two thick blood smears.Immunochromatographic technology(ICT) was conducted for those going out but returned and those in surrounding areas.Vector mosquitoes were collected and dissected to find filaria larvae.Historical documents were reviewed and relevant people were interviewed.Results In Changtang administrative village, 1 052 residents were screened and 19 cases with microfilaremia were found in 2 natural villages, with a Mf-positive rate of 1.8%(5.1% in Gangshang and 1.4% in Yinshan respectively).No Mf-positive case was found in 4 119 residents screened in other 3 villages.The average microfilaria density in the 19 cases was 17.37/60 ?l blood.All the 19 cases belonged to 12 families, and 13 cases were relatives to each other, which showed a feature of spatial clustering and family clustering.More patients were identified in the age groups of 20-29 and 50-59, and 57.9% of them were older than 50 years.No larvae were found in 54 Culex pipiens fatigans dissected.Conclusion The Changtang village is identified as a residual focus of bancroftian filariasis with a low, limited endemicity.More cases have been among the elderly with a low average microfilaremia.

Objective To compare the transparency efficiency of six different optical clearing method on the rat brain tissues. Methods Brain tissue blocks of 14 SD rats were processed with iDISCO, SeeDB, CUBIC, SCALEVIEW-A2,CLARITY-CUBIC, Passive-CLARITY clearing method, respectively. Results The gray value of PBS group was 13.031 ± 0.586,that of iDISCO,SeeDB,CUBIC,SCALEVIEW-A2,CLARITY-CUBIC,passive-CLARITY clearing were 6.447 ± 0.574,11.690 ± 0.909,2.318 ± 0.986,8.118 ± 1.026,8.591 ± 0.384,4.198 ± 0.182, respectively. Except the SeeDB group(P=0.185),the rest groups showed significant differences compared with the PBS group(P< 0.01), and there were significant differences between CUBIC and other groups(P < 0.01). After the clearing treatment, the changes of tissue area ratio in the iDISCO, SeeDB, CUBIC, SCALEVIEW-A2, CLARITY-CUBIC, Passive-CLARITY method were(-30.02 ± 2.39)%,(19.74 ± 4.09)%,(14.7 ± 3.92)%,(10.7 ± 5.55)%,(23.01 ± 4.19)%,(66.51 ± 5.68)%,respectively. Each group showed a significant difference compared with the groups iDISCO and the Passive-CLARITY,P< 0.01. Conclusions Except the SeeDB method,all the clearing methods can achieve a transparent effect, while CUBIC is better than the other groups applied for rat brain tissues. The tissue block volume is shrunken after iDISCO clearing,and expanded after Passive-CLARITY processing.

Objective:To construct a rat model of hypothalamic obesity by two point electrical damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus and arcuate nucleus.Methods:Twenty adult male SD rats of SPF grade were randomly divided into experimental group and sham operation group.A 25GA (0.45 mm) solid iron needle was used, the needle was coated with an insulating layer, and the tip exposed a 0.5 mm conductive area.With reference to The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates and using the stereotactic instrument (AP: -2.6 mm, ML: ± 0.6 mm, DV: -9.6 mm) as the coordinate, 1.5 mA current was continuously applied for 25 s, the ventromedial nucleus (VMH) and arcuate nucleus (ARC) of bilateral brain in SD rats was damaged.During the experiment, the body weight(BW), food intake(FI) and water intake(WI) of the two groups were recorded regularly.The rats were sacrificed on the 28th day after the operation, and the changes of periprenal fat mass and body length were measured.The changes of liver and adipose tissue were detected by HE staining method, leptin by ELISA, leptin receptor(LEPR) by Western blot.Results:(1) The body weight of rats in the experimental group ((427.5±17.7)g) and weight gain ((208.5±14.8)g) were significantly increased compared with the rats in the control group((349.2±17.7)g), ((136.2±21.4)g)on the 28th day after operation ( t=7.661, 6.806, both P<0.001). (2) The daily food intake of rats in the experimental group ((44.2±6.6)g) on the 28th day after surgery was significantly higher than that in the control group ((23.0±3.6)g) ( t=6.918, P<0.001). There was no significant difference of the daily drinking water of rats between experimental group((37.5±12.1)ml) and the control group ((35.0±11.8)ml) ( t=0.361, P=0.726). (3) Perikidney fat mass of experimental group rats ((13.4±2.7)g) significantly increased 28 days after operation compared with control group rats((6.3±0.9)g)( t=4.250, P<0.05). The naso-anal length of experimental group((21.8±0.4)cm) was significantly decreased compared with the control group ((23.4±0.2)cm) ( t=-6.788, P<0.01). The Lee index of the experimental group (348.9±8.5) was significantly higher than that of the control group(305.5±4.3)( t=7.898, P<0.01). (4) The serum leptin content ((8 324.10±159.00)μg/L) of the experimental group rats at 28 days after surgery was significantly higher than that of the control group((2 705.31±407.10)μg/L) ( t=25.712, P<0.001). The lateral hypothalamus area (LHA) LEPR protein expression (1.3±0.1) in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group (0.9±0.1) ( t=4.932, P<0.01). Conclusion:Two-point electrical damage to bilateral VMH and ARC of rats can establish hypothalamic obese rat model.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanism by which doublecortin promotes the recovery of cytoskeleton in arginine vasopressin (AVP) neurons in rats with electrical lesions of the pituitary stalk (PEL). METHODS: Thirty-two SD rats were randomized into PEL group with electrical lesions of the pituitary stalk through the floor of the skull base (=25) and sham operation group (=7), and the daily water consumption (DWC), daily urine volume (DUV) and urine specific gravity (USG) of the rats were recorded. Four rats on day 1 and 7 rats on each of days 3, 7 and 14 after PEL as well as the sham-operated rats were sacrificed for detection of the expressions of β-Tubulin (Tuj1), doublecortin and caspase- 3 in the AVP neurons of the supraoptic nucleus using immunofluorescence assay and Western blotting. RESULTS: After PEL, the rats exhibited a typical triphasic pattern of diabetes insipidus, with the postoperative days 1-2 as the phase one, days 3-5 as the phase two, and days 6-14 as the phase three. Immunofluorescent results indicated the repair of the AVP neurons evidenced by significantly increased doublecortin expressions in the AVP neurons following PEL; similarly, the expression of Tuj1 also increased progressively after PEL, reaching the peak level on day 7 after PEL. The apoptotic rates of the AVP neurons exhibited a reverse pattern of variation, peaking on postoperative day 3 followed by progressive reduction till day 14. Western blotting showed that the expressions of c-Jun and p-c-Jun were up-regulated significantly on day 3 ( < 0.05) and 7 ( < 0.01) after PEL, while an upregulated p-JNK expression was detected only on day 3 ( < 0.05), as was consistent with the time-courses of neuronal recovery and apoptosis after PEL. CONCLUSIONS JNK/c-Jun pathway is activated after PEL to induce apoptosis of AVP neurons in the acute phase and to promote the repair of neuronal cytoskeleton by up-regulation of doublecortin and Tuj1 expressions.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Arginine Vasopressin ; pharmacology ; Cytoskeleton ; metabolism ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Neurons ; cytology ; Pituitary Gland ; cytology ; injuries ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun ; metabolism ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Regeneration ; Tubulin ; metabolism