Mathematical model has been increasingly applied in the description of the transmission of schistosomiasis, the prediction and selection of schistosomiasis prevention measures, and it has being developed constantly. This paper briefly introduces several typical mathematical models for transmission of schistosomiasis and summarizes their advancements.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Gypsum Fibrosum and Gypsum Fibrosum Preparatum in promoting granulation. METHODS: The wounds of muscle layer were produced in rats by using surgical operation. Two round wounds, with diameter about 1.5 cm, were cut at the depilatory area of two sides of the back of each rat, with an interval of 2 cm, deep to muscle layer, and the thickness of the knife wound of muscle layer was about 0.15 cm. Forty SD rats with the wounds were randomly divided into 4 groups: untreated group, beifuji-treated group, Gypsum Fibrosum-treated group and Gypsum Fibrosum Preparatum-treated group, with 10 rats in each group. Then the wounds were sprinkled with powders of Gypsum Fibrosum and Gypsum Fibrosum Preparatum, or sprayed with beifuji solution, respectively. The healing state of granulation tissues of the wounds was observed at the eighth and fourteenth day respectively. RESULTS: The number of fibroblasts, the number of capillary tubes and the area of capillary tubes in granulation tissue of wounds in the Gypsum Fibrosum Preparatum-treated group were significantly higher than those in the untreated group and Gypsum Fibrosum-treated group (P<0.01). There were no statistical differences between the Gypsum Fibrosum Preparatum-treated group and the beifuji-treated group. However, Gypsum Fibrosum-treated group showed no obvious differences compared to the untreated group (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Gypsum Fibrosum Preparatum can accelerate the formation of collagenoblast and micrangium in wounds, and the proliferation of granulation tissues, thus promoting the skin wounds to healing. The effect of Gypsum Fibrosum is changed after being calcined, and Gypsum Fibrosum Preparatum has obvious effect in promoting granulation.

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of bipolar hemi arthroplasty and PFNA internal fixation for elderly patients with unstable intertrochanteric fracture.Methods The data of 79 elderly patients with unstable intertrochanteric fracture in our hospital from Au-gust 2013 to August 2014 were analyzed retrospectively.According to different surgical methods,79 cases were divided into observation group (n =40)and control group(n =39).The observation group were treated by artificially double-acting avascular replacement,and the control group received PFNA internal fixation.The operation time,intraoperatve blood soss,bedridden time,clinical effecacy and complications were recorded and observed.Results The operative time and bed time of observation group were significantly shorter than those of control group, the difference was statistically significant(P <0.05).The total postoperative complication rate of observation group was 20.00%,which was higher than 20.51% of control group,the difference was statistically significant (P <0.05).The Harris scores in observation group 3 months and 6 months after surgery were significantly higher than those in control group,the differences were statistically significant(P <0.05).Con-clusion Both artificially double-acting avascular replacement and PFNA internal fixation have a good effect on elderly patients with unstable intertrochanteric fracture.The artificially double-acting avascular replacement has the advantages of less blood loss,faster recovery and less postoperative complications,which is conducive to improving the quality of life of patients.

Objective To investigate the temporal and spatial distribution of Schistosoma infection of population and its risk factors in Eastern Dongting Lake area in 2012 and 2014,so as to provide the reference for formulating effective intervention mea-sures. Methods Junshan District was selected as a study field in Eastern Dongting Lake area. The method of spatial autocorre-lation analysis was applied to analyze the change of spatial distribution of Schistosoma infection in Junshan District in 2012 and 2014. The spatial regression model was fitted to detect the risk factors for human infection. Results The livestock infection rate in 2013 was lower than that in 2011. The average infection rate of schistosome was reduced to 0.55%in 2014. The spatial auto-correlation existed on the distribution of schistosomiasis in Junshan District in both 2012 and 2014 and 4 high incidence villages were identified. The results of the spatial error model showed that the prevalence of human infection was positively correlated with the infection rate of the livestock and the area of the susceptible environment in 2012. The spatial lag model showed that the prevalence of human schistosomiasis was positively correlated with the area of the susceptible environment ,but not with the in-fection rate of livestock. Conclusion The measures involving grazing prohibition and phasing out cattle and sheep are remark-ably effective and should continue on the basis of the current spatial distribution of schistosomiasis in this area.

Objective To investigate the tempo?spatial patterns of schistosomiasis in Jiangling County,Hubei Province,so as to identify the risk areas and provide the scientific evidence in following intervention plans for marshland epidemic areas in the stage of transmission control. Methods The schistosomiasis epidemiological data in Jiangling County from 2009 to 2013 to?gether with the related geographical information were collected and analyzed. The tempo?spatial distribution patterns were ana?lyzed by the spatial autocorrelation analysis and spatial clustering analysis. Results The human infection rate was decreased from 2.15%in 2009 to 0.63%in 2013,which was the historically low level. The results of tempo?spatial analysis showed that there were spatial clustering effects in human schistosomiasis infection for each of the years. The values of spatial autocorrelation index Moran’s I were statistically significant. Eighteen and thirty?five clusters were detected by using SatScan and FlexScan soft?ware,respectively. Conclusions From 2009 to 2013,the schistosomiasis endemic situation in Jiangling County presented a decline trend and reached the historical low level. The identified spatial clustering areas should be targeted as the prioritized ar?eas for schistosomiasis control.

Objective To explore the spatial-temporal characteristics and changing regularities of Schistosoma japonicum in-fections among human from 2004 to 2011. Methods The township level spatial databases of schistosomiasis in Hunan Province from 2004 to 2011 were established,and the related spatial analysis was performed by SPSS 17.0,ArcGIS 10.1 and SaTScan 7.03. Results The schistosome infection rate among human in Hunan Province sharply decreased from 3.0％in 2004 to 0.8％in 2011. However,the rate among residents in parts of some townships in 2011 was still hovering at a higher level (P90=2.12％),and the higher rate was distributed along the Oncomelania hupensis snail ridden areas outside embankment. The auto-correlation analysis showed that the global Moran's I for schistosome infection rate among human was 0.34 to 0.53 from 2004 to 2011,and was higher than the expected value(Z>8.71,P<0.05). The local G statistics indicated that the positive hotspot high-high clustering areas were mainly near the coast of Dongting Lake from 2004 to 2011,and the number of townships with schistosomiasis endemic in the clustering areas reached 30 to 70. The spatial scan analysis showed that the number of townships in the clustering areas ran up to 145 to 183 from 2004 to 2011. Conclusions The schistosome infection rate among human de-creased significantly in Hunan Province from 2004 to 2011. However,the rate in parts of some townships still remains at a com-paratively high level,and there are positive spatial correlation and spatial agglomerations in the schistosome infection rate among human,suggesting that the prevention and control work on schistosomiasis in these areas should be strengthened in the fu-ture.

Objective To study the reasons of natural death of Oncomelania hupensis snails by comparing the differences of the indicator days covered with water DCW in snail marshland and non?snail marshland around the build of Three Gorges Dam in Eastern Dongting Lake areas. Methods Two marshlands were selected one was a non?snail marshland Qianliang Lake and another was a snail marshland Junshan Park . The measuring points were set through the mechanical sampling. The snails and elevation of the points were surveyed and the data of the water levels from the hydrological station were collected and then DCWs were calculated. Results From 1995 to 2013 DCWs of the marshland of natural death of snails were all more than that of the snail marshland P<0.01 . In Qianliang Lake marshland the difference between DCW before natural death and DCW from natural death until the dam was not significant P=0.23 while DCWs of the two stages both were more than that after the dam P1=0.045 P2=0.002 . Before the build of the dam DCW of the Qianliang Lake marshland of natural death of snails was more than that after the build of the dam P=0.013 and there was the same situation in Junshan Park marshland P=0.005 . The relationship between snail density and DCW was not significant in Junshan Park marshland rs=0.008 P=0.914 and the reference range of DCW of all the measuring points was 76-251 days. Conclusion In the eastern Dongting Lake district the build of Three Gorges Dam and DCW may be not the direct factors affecting the natural death of snails and the latter may change the distribution of snails.

Objective To study the reasons of natural death of Oncomelania hupensis snails in marshland by comparing the differences of environmental factors between snail marshland and non-snail marshland in East Dongting Lake schistosomiasis en-demic areas. Methods Two adjoining marshlands were selected,one was a snail marshland and another was a non-snail marsh-land. The measuring points were set by grid of“20m × 20m”. The soil moisture,elevation,soil pH and temperature of the points were measured,and the snails of the points were surveyed. Results The elevation,soil pH and temperature of the snail natural death marshland were all lower than those of the snail marshland(P<0.01). The soil moisture,elevation,soil pH and temperature of different snail densities in the snail marshland were different(P<0.05). The soil moisture of the non-snail group was higher than that of other four groups(P<0.01)and the soil moisture of the group with 0-11 snails per frame was lower than that of other four groups(P<0.01). The elevation of the group with 0-11 snails per frame was lower than that of the group with 24-39 snails per frame and the group with more than 39 snails per frame(P<0.05). The soil pH of the group without snails was higher than that of other four groups(P<0.01)and the soil temperature of the group with 0-11 snails per frame was lower than that of the group with 24-39 snails per frame. The differences of soil moisture and elevation of different death snail densities were not significant, while the differences of soil pH and temperature were significant. The soil pH of the non-snail died group was higher than that of the 2-died,3-died and more than 3-died groups(P<0.05). The soil temperature of the non-snail died group was higher than that of other four groups(P<0.05). Conclusion The elevation,soil pH and soil temperature within the range of the research may be the factors affecting the snail natural death and the soil moisture,elevation,soil pH and soil temperature may be the factors affect-ing the distribution of snails.

Objective To understand the distribution of univalvia molluscs in Eastern Dongting lake area where the Oncome-lania hupensis is extinct,so as to explore the causes of extinction and to provide the evidence for formulating schistosomiasis con-trol strategy. Methods The univalvia molluscs of the Qianliang Lake district,Jianxin District and Junshan Park were investigat-ed in August of 2013. All the collected snails were classified and identified. The data were analyzed by using the method of Shapiro-Wilk normality test and non-parametric test. The ecological biodiversity differences from each district were compared by the biodi-versity indexes. Results The univalvia molluscs collected were from 6 species in 3 families in Gastropoda class,namely Oncome-lania hupensis Gredler in Pomatiopsidae family,Parafossarulus striatulus,Alocinma longicornis,Parafossarulus sinensis,Bithynia fuchsisana in Bithyniidae family,and one genus provisionally named Radix in Lymaneidae family. In Junshan Park ,a total of 4 553 snails were collected,among which 1 264 were Oncomelania snails. In Jianxin District,336 univalvia molluscs were collect-ed,and no Oncomelania snails were found. In Qianliang Lake district,there were only 7 Alocinma longicornis snails,2 Parafossa-rulus sinensis snails and 1 Parafossarulus striatulus snail collected. There were significant differences among the distributions of the samples from the three districts(χ2=166.225,P<0.01).The Simpson’s diversity indexes in Qianliang Lake area,Jianxin Dis- trict and Junshan Park were 0.402 8,0.718 6 and 0.678 8,respectively,and the Shannon-Wiener indexes of the 3 areas were 0.721 5,1.431 3 and 1.199 9,respectively. Conclusions With the extinction of Oncomelania snails,the species and quanti-ties of other snails become rare in Qianliang Lake area. Whether their causes are relevant is worth further studying.

Objective To understand the spatial distribution characteristics of wild feces in schistosomiasis endemic areas of Jiangling County,Hubei Province and further explore the source of infection efficiently,so as to provide the evidence for the development of corresponding monitoring and response technology. Methods In 2011,the fresh wild feces were investigated every two months in the selected 15 villages by the severity of historical endemic in Jiangling County. The schistosome miracidi-um hatching method was used to test the schistosome infection of the wild feces. The descriptive analysis and spatial analysis were used for the description of the spatial distribution of the wild feces. Results Totally 701 wild feces samples were collected with the average density of 0.0556/100 m2,and the positive rate of the wild feces was 11.70%(82/701). The results of the re-gression analysis showed a positive spatial correlation between the positive rate of wild feces and the rate of human infection,the area with infected Oncomelania hupensis and the number of fenced cattle,and the corrected R2 of the model was 0.58. Conclu-sion The infection rate of wild feces is positively correlated with the rate of human infection,area with infected O. hupensis and number of fenced cattle in space in Jiangling County,so the prevention and control measures could be conducted according to the spatial distribution of the positive wild feces.