Objective To analyze the concentration, distribution and decreasing trend of niclosamide in soil through soil heaping mixed with niclosamide and the effect of Oncomelania control, and to explore the appropriate dosage for the 'heaping' method. Methods The soil samples were collected from six groups in Tezi township, Puge county, Sichuan Province, and the dosages were 16, 8, 4, 2, 1 and 0 g/m~2, respectively. After ultrasonic extraction, centrifugence and concentration, the samples were finally determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mortality rate of snails was observed after 3 days and 7 days. Results The standard error and range of niclosamide in soil were large. There was no significant difference in concentration of niclosamide between the surface layer and deep layer of soil (P>0.05). After 5 months, niclosamide still could be determined in groups of 4 g/m~2. The mortality rate of snails decreased as the concentration of niclosamide decreased (P<0.05). After 5 months, in the group of 4 g/m~2 dosage, the 3 and 7 days mortality rate of snails were 5.33% and 9.33% in the surface layer, higher than the control group (P<0.05). Conclusions The heaping method is an efficacious measure of controlling snails and its recommended dosage is 4 g/m~2.

Objective To study the reasons of natural death of Oncomelania hupensis snails in marshland by comparing the differences of environmental factors between snail marshland and non-snail marshland in East Dongting Lake schistosomiasis en-demic areas. Methods Two adjoining marshlands were selected,one was a snail marshland and another was a non-snail marsh-land. The measuring points were set by grid of“20m × 20m”. The soil moisture,elevation,soil pH and temperature of the points were measured,and the snails of the points were surveyed. Results The elevation,soil pH and temperature of the snail natural death marshland were all lower than those of the snail marshland(P<0.01). The soil moisture,elevation,soil pH and temperature of different snail densities in the snail marshland were different(P<0.05). The soil moisture of the non-snail group was higher than that of other four groups(P<0.01)and the soil moisture of the group with 0-11 snails per frame was lower than that of other four groups(P<0.01). The elevation of the group with 0-11 snails per frame was lower than that of the group with 24-39 snails per frame and the group with more than 39 snails per frame(P<0.05). The soil pH of the group without snails was higher than that of other four groups(P<0.01)and the soil temperature of the group with 0-11 snails per frame was lower than that of the group with 24-39 snails per frame. The differences of soil moisture and elevation of different death snail densities were not significant, while the differences of soil pH and temperature were significant. The soil pH of the non-snail died group was higher than that of the 2-died,3-died and more than 3-died groups(P<0.05). The soil temperature of the non-snail died group was higher than that of other four groups(P<0.05). Conclusion The elevation,soil pH and soil temperature within the range of the research may be the factors affecting the snail natural death and the soil moisture,elevation,soil pH and soil temperature may be the factors affect-ing the distribution of snails.

Objective To study the reasons of natural death of Oncomelania hupensis snails by comparing the differences of the indicator days covered with water DCW in snail marshland and non?snail marshland around the build of Three Gorges Dam in Eastern Dongting Lake areas. Methods Two marshlands were selected one was a non?snail marshland Qianliang Lake and another was a snail marshland Junshan Park . The measuring points were set through the mechanical sampling. The snails and elevation of the points were surveyed and the data of the water levels from the hydrological station were collected and then DCWs were calculated. Results From 1995 to 2013 DCWs of the marshland of natural death of snails were all more than that of the snail marshland P<0.01 . In Qianliang Lake marshland the difference between DCW before natural death and DCW from natural death until the dam was not significant P=0.23 while DCWs of the two stages both were more than that after the dam P1=0.045 P2=0.002 . Before the build of the dam DCW of the Qianliang Lake marshland of natural death of snails was more than that after the build of the dam P=0.013 and there was the same situation in Junshan Park marshland P=0.005 . The relationship between snail density and DCW was not significant in Junshan Park marshland rs=0.008 P=0.914 and the reference range of DCW of all the measuring points was 76-251 days. Conclusion In the eastern Dongting Lake district the build of Three Gorges Dam and DCW may be not the direct factors affecting the natural death of snails and the latter may change the distribution of snails.

ObjectiveTo investigate the value of a digital three-dimensional reconstruction technique in the treatment of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE).MethodsThe computed tomography scan data for 13 patients with HAE who were admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from February 2011 to October 2011 were reconstructed and analyzed by a three-dimensional reconstruction system to assess resectability,and to facilitate surgical planning and individualized virtual surgery.The results of preoperative analysis were compared with the results of actual operations.ResultsThe three-dimensional models of the liver were reconstructed successfully,and intrahepatie lesions and vessels were clearly displayed.One patient received an autologous liver transplantation,10 underwent hepatectomy,and 2 received percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage.Virtual operation planning was carried out for 11 patients using the three-dimensional reconstruction system.The mean volume of the liver to be resected was predicted to be 920 ml (range,339-2678 ml),and the mean percentage of liver to be resected to the total liver volume was predicted to be 45％ ( range,23％ -68％ ).The mean volume o[ the actual liver resection was 834 ml (range,315-2250 m[),and the mean percentage of actual liver resected to the total liver volume was 42％ (range,22％ -70％ ),which was consistent with the results of preoperative three-dimensional reconstruction.All patients were followed up for 2-8 months,and no severe complications such as liver failure,hemorrhage and bile leakage were detected.ConclusionDigital three-dimen-sional reconstruction is helpful in the diagnosis and treatment of HAE and effectively reduces surgical risks.

Objective To understand the distribution of univalvia molluscs in Eastern Dongting lake area where the Oncome-lania hupensis is extinct,so as to explore the causes of extinction and to provide the evidence for formulating schistosomiasis con-trol strategy. Methods The univalvia molluscs of the Qianliang Lake district,Jianxin District and Junshan Park were investigat-ed in August of 2013. All the collected snails were classified and identified. The data were analyzed by using the method of Shapiro-Wilk normality test and non-parametric test. The ecological biodiversity differences from each district were compared by the biodi-versity indexes. Results The univalvia molluscs collected were from 6 species in 3 families in Gastropoda class,namely Oncome-lania hupensis Gredler in Pomatiopsidae family,Parafossarulus striatulus,Alocinma longicornis,Parafossarulus sinensis,Bithynia fuchsisana in Bithyniidae family,and one genus provisionally named Radix in Lymaneidae family. In Junshan Park ,a total of 4 553 snails were collected,among which 1 264 were Oncomelania snails. In Jianxin District,336 univalvia molluscs were collect-ed,and no Oncomelania snails were found. In Qianliang Lake district,there were only 7 Alocinma longicornis snails,2 Parafossa-rulus sinensis snails and 1 Parafossarulus striatulus snail collected. There were significant differences among the distributions of the samples from the three districts(χ2=166.225,P<0.01).The Simpson’s diversity indexes in Qianliang Lake area,Jianxin Dis- trict and Junshan Park were 0.402 8,0.718 6 and 0.678 8,respectively,and the Shannon-Wiener indexes of the 3 areas were 0.721 5,1.431 3 and 1.199 9,respectively. Conclusions With the extinction of Oncomelania snails,the species and quanti-ties of other snails become rare in Qianliang Lake area. Whether their causes are relevant is worth further studying.

Objective:To explore diagnostic value of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in patients with pulmonary infection after liver transplantation.Methods:The clinical data of 80 patients with pulmonary infection after liver transplantation in the the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from January 2016 to May 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. According to different pathogens, they were divided into bacteria infection group ( n=35) and non-bacteria infection group ( n=45). The general data, levels of serum TNF-α, C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) were compared between the two groups. Logistic regression was performed to explore risk factors for pulmonary infection after liver transplantation. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were performed to analyze diagnostic value of TNF-α, CRP and PCT. Results:The levels of serum TNF-α, CRP and PCT in bacteria infection group were significantly higher than those in non-bacteria infection group ( P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that high TNF-α, CRP, and PCT levels were independent risk factors for bacterial pneumonia after liver transplantation. ROC analysis showed that sensitivity, specificity and areas under ROC curves (AUC) of TNF-α, CRP and PCT for diagnosis of bacterial pulmonary infection after liver transplantation were (80.12%, 72.12%, 80.18%), (83.45%, 73.46%, 83.38%) and (0.802, 0.751, 0.803), respectively. The AUC, sensitivity, and specificity between TNF-α and PCT for diagnosis of bacterial pulmonary infection after liver transplantation were similar ( P>0.05). The AUC, sensitivity and specificity of TNF-α for diagnosis of bacterial pulmonary infection after liver transplantation were better than those of CRP ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The diagnostic value of TNF-α for pulmonary infection after liver transplantation is similar to that of PCT, and is superior to CRP. It can be applied as a reliable index for identifying bacterial pneumonia and non-bacterial pneumonia.

s] Objective To evaluate the effect of comprehensive schistosomiasis control measures with focus on total removal of cattle and sheep in Junshan District,Yueyang City. Methods The retrospective review and field survey were implemented in the pilot villages in Junshan District. The data of Schistosoma japonicum infection status of human,cattle,sheep and Oncome-lania hupensis snails,and density of snails were gathered and modeled in the period of 2006 to 2016. Results The prevalence of schistosome infection in residents in the pilot villages decreased from 3.44％ in 2006 to 0.59％ in 2012(F = 14.501,P =0.013). After removal of all the cattle and sheep in 2013,the prevalence of schistosome infection in the residents decreased to zero in 2016(F=14.148,P=0.033). The density of living snails decreased from 0.8833/0.1 m2 in 2006 to 0.3088/0.1 m2 in 2012(F=76.250,P=0.005). Conclusion The comprehensive schistosomiasis control strategy with focus on cattle and sheep removal is remarkably effective.