In this study,the loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP)method was used to develop a rapid and simple detection system for porcine circovirus type 2(PCV2).According to the PCV2 sequences published in GenBank,multiple LAMP primers were designed targeting conserved sequences of PCV2.Using the DNA extracted from PCV2 isolates HUN-09 and SD-09 as the template,LAMP reactions in a PCV2 LAMP system was performed,the amplification products were detected by adding SYBR Green I and could be observed directly by the naked eye.The results showed highly-efficient and specific amplification in 30 min at 63℃ with a LAMP real-time turbidimeter.Furthermore,PCV2 DNA templates,with a detection limit of 5.5×10-5ng of nucleic acid,indicated that this assay was highly sensitive.The results obtained with the naked eye after SYBR Green I staining were consistent with those detected by the real-time turbidimeter,showing the potential simplicity of interpretation of the assay results.The LAMP assay appeared to have greater accuracy than PCR and virus isolation for the analysis of 18 clinical samples.In addition it offers higher specificity and sensitivity,shorter reaction times and simpler procedures than the currently available methods of PCV2 detection.It is therefore a promising tool for the effective and efficient detection of PCV2.

Objective To compare the dosimetric differences of the targets and organs at risk (OARs) for early stage breast cancer patients receiving intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with supine or prone setups after breast conserving surgery.Methods After breast conserving surgery,15 left breast cancer patients with large and pendulous breasts were selected.Their planning CT images were acquired with supine and prone orientations respectively,based on which IMRT plans of 2 tangential fields were developed using the same optimization parameters.Treatment plans of the two setups were evaluated by comparing the target dose distribution,the doses and irradiated volumes of the heart,left lung,and right breast,and the monitor units (MUs).Results Superior conformal index (CI) was observed in the plans of prone setup than the supine cases (0.79 ± 0.05 vs.0.72 ± 0.04,W =138,P ＜ 0.01).The homogeneity index (HI) of prone positioning was also better than that of supine setup (1.09 ±0.01 vs.1.12 ± 0.02,t =-4.7,P ＜0.01).The planning target volume (PTV) receiving 95％ of prescribed dose (V95％),and the minimum doses (Dmin) of the prone cases were significantly higher than the supine patients (t =7.1,6.4,P＜0.01).Higher mean doses (D) were observed in prone cases (W=153,P＜0.01).The maximum doses (Dmax) of the supine plans were lower than the prone cases (t =-3.6,P ＜0.01).The right breast volumes receiving 5 Gy doses or higher (V5) were less in the supine cases than the prone plans (W=160,P ＜0.01).The heart volumes received no less than 30 Gy (V30),D of the heart,and the left lung volumes received higher than 20 Gy or 5 Gy (V20,V5) of the supine plans were significantly higher than the prone cases (W =133,120,120,P ＜0.01).No significant difference was observed on the MUs.Conclusions For cancer patients with large and pendulous breasts receiving IMRT after breast conserving surgery,prone setup leads to better homogeneity of target dose distribution,and reduces the doses and irradiated volumes of the heart and lungs.

Objective To compare the survival effects between using electron beams (EB) and modulated X-ray beams (XB) for boosting irradiation in breast cancer patients after breast-conserving surgery and postoperative radiotherapy.Methods This study retrospectively included 485 breast cancer patients who underwent breast-conserving surgery at Beijing Cancer Hospital.All patients underwent either EB or XB for tumor bed boost irradiation (10-16 Gy/5-8 fractions) after whole-breast irradiation of 46-50 Gy/23-25 fractions.Results Median follow-up time for the cohort was 96.04 months.Statistically significant increase of local recurrence free Survival (LRFS) was observed in XB group than in EB group.The 5-year and 10-year LRFS was both 98.4％ in XB group,as well as 94.2％ and 93.2％ in EB group,respectively (x2 =4.190,P ＜ 0.05).But there was not statistically significant difference in 5-year and 10-year overall survival (OS) between XB group(96.7％ and 95.8％) and EB group(94.9％ and 89.4％),respectively (P ＞ 0.05).The multivariate analysis showed that LRFS was significantly correlated with age≤40,positive pathological lymph nodes and positive expression of Her-2 receptor.But boost irradiation method was not independent prognostic factor for LRFS and OS (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions For cancer patients treated with breast-conserving surgery and whole-breast postoperative radiation followed by a boost irradiation to tumor bed,XB irradiation was superior to EB irradiation in term of LRFS,yet no difference of OS was observed in both groups.

A real-time monitoring reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay was developed for the sensitive and specific detection of prototypic,prevalent North American porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)strains.As a higher sensitivity and specificity method than reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR),the RT-LAMP method only used a turbidimeter,exhibited a detection limit corresponding to a 10-4 dilution of template RNA extracted from 250 μL of 105 of the 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) of PRRSV containing cells,and no cross-reactivity was observed with other related viruses including porcine circovirus type 2,swine influenza virus,porcine rotavirus and classical swine fever virus.From forty-two field samples,33 samples in the RT-LAMP assay was detected positive,whereas three of which were not detected by RT-PCR.Furthermore,in 33 strains of PRRSV,an identical detection rate was observed with the RT-LAMP assay to what were isolated using porcine alveolar macrophages.These findings demonstrated that the RT-LAMP assay has potential clinical applications for the detection of highly pathogenic PRRSV isolates,especially in developing countries.

Objective To investigate the dose distribution and radiation risk of Varian thoracic cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) with default parameters with reference to Monte Carlo simulation and International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) report 110.Methods EGSnrc/BEAMnrc code was used to simulate the material, thickness, and geometry of the kV CBCT source (kVS) to establish the kVS model.A benchmarked MCSIM code was applied to calculate the dose distribution in the ICRP phantom after the scan with the standard thoracic parameters (110 kV, 20 mA, and 262 mAs), and the conversion coefficient of absolute dose was obtained in a spherical phantom following the TG-61 protocol.The results of Monte Carlo simulation were validated by PDD and Profile in a water phantom and the measurement of the absolute dose in the computed tomography dose index (CTDI) phantom and Alderson phantom.The models including BEIR VⅡ were used to evaluate the radiation risks.Results With reference to the criterion of 3%/1 mm, the uncertainties of PDD and Profile were less than 2%.The difference between the measured and calculated values was<2.9% in the CTDI phantom and ≤0.05 cGy in the Alderson phantom.In the ICRP110 phantom, the doses to the left lung, right lung, left breast, right breast, heart, thyroid, trachea, cancellous bone, and cortical bone were 1.28, 1.39, 1.74, 1.80, 1.46, 0.48, 0.88, 0.85, and 1.84 cGy, respectively.The relative risks of ischemic heart disease, breast cancer, lung cancer, thyroid cancer, and tracheal cancer in a standard scan were1.001 , 1.009, 1.019, 1.000, and 1.008, respectively. Conclusions The accumulated dose and long-term risks of CBCT during image-guided thoracic radiotherapy cannot be neglected and should be effectively controlled.

Objective Knowledge?based radiotherapy ( KBRT ) can reduce the plan quality variability induced by different experiences between physicians and improve the quality of treatment plans. Methods The Varian Rapid Plan system was used to train a dose?volume histogram ( DVH) prediction model. The obtained model was preliminarily applied to semi?automatic design of the preoperative treatment plans for rectal cancer. Eighty high?quality volumetric modulated arc therapy plans were imported into the model training set of the Rapid Plan system. The structures of the plans were matched to the corresponding labels and codes as listed in the library. The training started after the verification of prescription. The residual plots,regression curves,geometric plots for organ at risk ( OAR) ,in?field DVH plots,and model training logs were examined. After removal of the mismatch, the original plans were assessed to rule out outliers and influential data points. More similar plans may be added for another round of training. Ten KBRT plans were designed using the final model and compared with the clinical plans. Results For the two major OARs,the femoral head and bladder,the average goodness of fit of the principal component were 0?999 415/1.0 and 0?999 963/1.0 for the DVH model,and 0?999 651/1.0 and 0?999 945/1.0 for geometry?based expected dose model,respectively. In all the plans, 11 had Cook ’ s distance values exceeding the tolerance and 4 had studentized residual values exceeding the tolerance. The outliers were all kept in the training set to generalize the scope of the model. The 10 KBRT plans had significantly improved homogeneity indices for PGTV and PTV than the original plans (P=0?00,0?04).The 10 KBRT plans also had significantly reduced D50% to the femoral head and bladder as well as significantly reduced mean doses to the bladder than the original plans (P=0?042,0?000,0?005). Conclusions In this study,the Rapid Plan system is used to train a KBRT model for design of preoperative radiotherapy plans for rectal cancer. The results of preliminary application meet the clinical requirements.

Objective To compare the dosimetric differences of target and organs at risk (OAR) induced by the tangential and non-coplanar multi-fields used in the dynamic intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) plans for breast cancer patients after breast-conserving surgery.Methods Forty patients with early-stage left breast cancer after breast-conserving surgery were included.Based on the CT anatomy of the same patient,dynamic IMRT treatment plans using two tangential fields,3,4 and 5 non-coplanar fields were designed respectively utilizing the same optimization objects.The plans were compared by means of target dose distribution,the doses and irradiated volumes of heat,left lung,right breast,and total monitor units (MUs).Results The conformal index (CI) and homogeneity index (HI) of planning target volume (PTV) in the plans using 4 and 5 fields were better than that using 2 fields (P ＜ 0.05).Maximum doses (Dmax) in PTV were significantly lower in the plans of 4 and 5 fields than of 2 fields (P ＜0.05).Yet the plans of 4 and 5 fields generated significant higher minimum doses (Dmin) in PTV than that of 2 fields (P ＜ 0.05).No significant difference was observed between plans of 2 or 3 fields.Across the four plans,the differences of right breast V5 (relative volume acquired at least 5 Gy of dose),heart V30,heart mean dose (D),left lung V20,V5 and D were not significant.Yet the disparities of total MUs were statistically significant (F =25.63,P ＜ 0.05).The least MUs were used by the 2 fields and the most MUs were observed in the 5-field plans.Conclusions Comparing with IMRT plans of 2 fields,using 4 or 5 non-coplanar fields can improve the target dose distribution without increasing OAR doses.As a tradeoff,more MUs are needed for multi-fields plans.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for formulating the policy of promoting the popularization and application of es-sential medicines in second grade or third grade medical institutions. METHODS:Drug purchase and warehousing data was collect-ed from 31 second grade or third grade medicinal institutions in Nanjing during Jan. 2012-Dec. 2015. Excel 2010 and SPSS 20.0 software were used to summarize and analyze statistically the purchase amount of allocation quantity of essential medicines. RE-SULTS:The proportion of essential medicine purchase amount in total medicine purchase amount during 2012-2015 were 18.33%, 18.56%,17.19%,17.53% in 31 medicinal institutions (calledthe ratio of essential medicine purchase amountfor short);the proportion of national essential medicine purchase amount in essential medicine purchase amount(calledthe ratio of essential medi-cine purchase amountfor short)were 31.14%,29.40%,25.69%,25.79%,respectively. The number of generic names for allocat-ed essential medicines were 189.84,205.58,210.26,206.65,respectively. The ratio of essential medicine purchase amount and the ratio of essential medicine purchase amount in 2014 were decreased significantly,compared to in 2013(P<0.05). The number of generic names for allocated essential medicines in 2013 was increased significantly,compared to in 2012 (P<0.05). The ratio of essential medicine purchase amount in second grade medical institutions was significantly higher than third grade medical institu-tions,the ratio of essential medicine purchase amount in general hospital was significantly higher than special hospital;the number of generic names for allocated essential medicines was significantly higher than TCM hospital and special hospital;the ratio of es-sential medicine purchase amount in second grade medical institutions with community health service center in subjection to them was significantly higher than those without community health service center in subjection to them;there was statistical significance (P<0.05). There was negative correlation between the ratio of essential medicine purchase and total purchase amount of medicine in general hospitals(P<0.05). There was positive correlation between the number of generic name of allocated essential medicines and the number of generic name of all medicines in 31 medical institutions(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:The ratio of essential med-icine purchase amount and national essential medicine purchase amount,the numbers of generic names of essential medicines were very different and low in these hospitals during 2012-2015. Just one or two had met the requirements of the Jiangsu provincial health and family planning commission. The grade,type,medicine purchase and allocation scale,administering community health service center all influence the purchase and allocation of essential medicines.

Objective To evaluate the dosimetric errors of organs-at-risk (OARs) induced by the optimal auto-segmentation using Mim Maestro based on dose calculation and measurement.Methods The Mim atlas library composed of 240 nasopharyngeal carcinoma,breast cancer,and rectal cancer patients that were retrospectively selected was used for the auto-segmentation of OARs on the CT images of corresponding regions in 76 patients.Relative to the manual contouring,one optimal case was selected from each site based on conformity index (CI),mean distance to conformity (MDC),relative volume difference (Dv％),DICE,sensitivity index (Se.Idx),and inclusion index (Inc.Idx).Treatment plans were made to satisfy the DVH constraints of OARs based on auto-contours,and then the dose errors to the actual organs were evaluated in terms of calculation and measurement.The paired t-test (normal distribution) or rank sum test (non-normal distribution).Results Significant differences were observed in the 76 patients between the manual and automated segmentation (P＜0.05).For the optimal cases,the DICE index of various OARs ranged from 0.43 to O.98,and 73％(16/22) of DICE values were higher than 0.70.The calculated dose errors to various OARs were (-1.15±15.94)％(95％ CI:-8.21％ to 5.92％) (mean dose) and (-6.53±21.13)％ (95％ CI:-15.90％ to 2.84％) (maximum dose).The measured dose errors were (-2.43± 24.52)％ (95％ CI:-13.30％ to 8.44％)(mean dose) and (-3.38±20.87)％(95％ CI:-12.63％ to 5.87％)(maximum dose).Conclusion Without human interference,even the optimal auto-segmentation results are not clinically acceptable for treatment planning.

Objective To compare the treatment effects of gastric bypass (GBP) and biliopancrtic diversion (BPD) in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus rats,and investigate the mechanism.Methods Forty GK rats with diabetes mellitus were randomly allocated into four groups:GBP group; BPD group; food restriction group ( FR group) and control group with 10 rats in each group.Rats in GBP group and BPD group received GBP and BPD procedures respectively.Rats in FR group were fed with basic feed of 15 g and free access to water.There was no food restriction in rats in control group.The operation time,mortality was recorded.The fasting body weight was measured every week.The plasma glucose,insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1),and leptin concentrations,were measured before treatment and 1,2,3,4,8,16 week after treatment.Results The mean operation time was (25 ± 4) min in GBP group and (35 ± 6) min in BPD group; one rat died in GBP group and 3 rats died in BPD group,and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.01 ).The levels of plasma glucose,IGF-1 and leptin were not statistically significant among these groups before treatment.There was no significant difference in plasma glucose and leptin concentrations in the control group.The levels of plasma glucose and leptin in rats in FR group began to decrease 2 weeks later,at the 4th week,the levels of plasma glucose and leptin was significantly lower than that before treatment,and it lasted for the 16 th week,but the level of IGF-1 were significantly different.The levels of plasma glucose and leptin in rats in GBP group and BPD group began to decrease and IGF-1 began to increase 2 weeks after operation,and it lasted for the 16th week,[plasma glucose:(6.8 ± 1.0),(6.3 ± 0.8 ) mmol/L vs.(13.9±2.6),(14.1 ±2.6)mmol/L; leptin:(16.1±3.3),(17.2±3.2)pg/ml vs.(29.4±3.9)pg/ml,(29.4±3.9); IGF-1:(166.1±8.3),(142.2±8.2)ng/L vs.(119.4±8.8),(109.8±7.9)ng/L,P＜0.01],but the levels of plasma glucose and leptin was not statistically different between the two groups.The level of IGF-1 in GBP group was significantly higher than that in BPD group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Both GBP and BPD can effectively control plasma glucose concentration for rats with diabetes.The possible mechanism is related to decreased leptin and increased IGF-1.Group GBP had a better outcome in operation time,mortality and increasing IGF-1 than those in group BPD.