Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is defined as a clinicopathological entity of different etiologies and pathogeneses. The clinical manifestations include proteinuria, usually of nephritic range, and are associated with lesions of focal segmental glomerular sclerosis and foot process effacement. The Columbia classification of FSGS based on light microscopic assessment includes five subtypes: collapsing variant, tip variant, cellular variant, perihilar variant, and not otherwise specified. Columbia classification emphasizes the association of clinical with pathologic characteristics. However, both the physiopathology of FSGS and morphogenesis underlying the five morphologic variants are not fully described in Columbia classification. Over the past few years, significant progress has been made in the pathogenesis of FSGS and morphogenesis of diverse variants of FSGS. This review recapitulates recent important advances in the pathogenesis of FSGS and morphogenesis basis underlying the pathological variants of FSGS.

The establishment of induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs)has been a major breakthrough in the field of stem cell research since 2006,and it made possible for the use of stem cells in treating retinal degenerative diseases.Research showed that fibroblast,B lymphocytes,neural stem cells,hair corneous cells,pancreatic cells,mesenchymal cells of umbilical cord stroma and amniotic membrane can be reprogrammed as iPSCs,and they are capable of differentiating into specific types of cells.Some novel developments in iPSCs study in ophthalmology also were observed over the past few years.Induced iPSCs can differentiate into retinal pigment epithelial cells,photoreceptors and other retinal cells,which lay a foundation for the therapy of retinal degenerative diseases.Differented from traditional treatment of stem cells,the generation of iPSCs makes it possible to utilize somatic cells derived from patients for stem cell therapy without provoking ethical and immunological problems.The generation of iPSCs,the current research about iPSCs in the ophthalmic field,the limitations of iPSCs in the clinic and their future development and application were reviewed.

AIM: To analyze the results of phacovitrectomy with internal limiting membrane(ILM) peeling to treat foveoschisis in ultra-high myopia.METHODS: Totally 32 eyes of 32 ultra-high myopia patients with foveoschisis were selected retrospectively.The preoperative refractive errors ranged from-12.00D to-20.00D with the mean of-15.78±2.16D.The best corrected visiual acuity(BCVA) were converted to LogMAR acuity, and the average BCVA was 4.1±0.4.Conventional phacovitrectomy with ILM peeling by ICG dying were performed.Gas tamponade were performed to end the operation.The BCVA and the foveoschisis cavity were observed by 1-9mo after the surgery, with the mean of 4.5mo.RESULTS: The foveoschisis cavity of 30 eyes were healed with BCVA increased and visual distortion alleviated distinctly (94%)(t=-7.91, P<0.05).CONCLUSION: Phacovitrectomy with ILM peeling is useful in treating foveoschisis in ultra-high myopia with visual function preserving.

Adolescent ; Biopsy ; Female ; Hepatocytes ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; Humans ; Jaundice, Chronic Idiopathic ; pathology ; Sibling Relations ; Ultrasonography

Female ; Hemifacial Spasm ; etiology ; Humans ; Male ; Mastoiditis ; complications ; Middle Aged

Objective To explore expression of the minichromosome maintenance 2 (MCM2)protein and the mucin-like cell surface adhesion molecule CD24 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and their relationship with its prognosis. Methods Seventy-three patients of NSCLC diagnosed for the first time and received surgical treatment in Xuanwu Hospital, Beijing were selected for the study. Expression of the MCM2 and CD24 in pathological specimens of the patients was measured by immunohistochemistry and their relationship with its prognosis was analyzed retrospectively. Results High-level expression of the MCM2 and CD24 was seen in 42 and 54 of 73 NSCLC patients, accounting for 57. 5 percent and 74. 0 percent,respectively. Risk of death for the patients with high-level expression of the MCM2 or the CD4 was significantly higher as compared to those with low-level expression ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). Risk of death for patients with both high-level expression of the MCM2 and CD24 was significantly higher than that in those with only high-level expression of the MCM2 or the CD24 (HR =2. 59, 95%CI 1.40 -4. 80, P=0. 002) and in those with both low-level expression of them ( HR = 15.32, 95 % CI = 2.07 - 113.41, P = 0. 008 ). But there was no significant difference in risk of death between patients with high-level expression of the MCM2 or CD24 and those with low-level expression of both of them ( HR = 5. 60, 95% CI 0. 79 - 44. 82, P = 0. 083 ), and cumulative survival rate of patients with both high-level expression of the MCM2 and CD24 was significantly lower than those with only high-level expression of the MCM2 or the CD24 ( P = 0. 001 ). Conclusions Both expression of the MCM2 and the CD24 are independent prognostic factors for NSCLC and combined detection of the two markers have higher prognostic value for it.

Aged ; Antitubercular Agents ; therapeutic use ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Factor VIII ; therapeutic use ; Hemophilia A ; drug therapy ; etiology ; Humans ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; Male ; Phytotherapy ; Tuberculosis, Spinal ; complications ; drug therapy

Objective To investigate the expression of MCM2 and its prognostic significance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods The expression of MCM2 was measured by immunohistochemistry in 73 cases of NSCLC and 10 cases of normal lung tissue. The correlations between the expression of MCM2 and clinic-opathological parameters and prognosis were investigated. Results There was no MCM2 expression in normal lung tissue and positive rate of MCM2 expression was 87.7% in NSCLC. The difference between the two groups was significant (P<0.001). The expression of MCM2 in poorly differentiated NSCLC patients was significantly higher than that in moderately- and well-differentiated NSCLC patients (P=0.008). The expression of MCM2 in patients with squamous carcinoma was higher than that in patients with adenocarcinoma (P=0.005). The hazard ratio was significantly higher(RR=3.389, 95 % CI=1.803-7.146,P<0.001), and the accumulated survival rate was significantly lower (P=0.001) in NSCLC patients with higher MCM2 expression than that of lower expression. MCM2 was independent prognostic factor of NSCLC patients (P=0.041). Conclusion MCM2 could reflect the reproductive activity of NSCLC and has some clinical significance for assessing the development and prognosis of NSCLC. MCM2 was a potential target for future treatment.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; CpG Islands ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15 ; genetics ; DNA Methylation ; Female ; Humans ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute ; genetics ; Male ; Promoter Regions, Genetic

Objective To discuss the quantitative diagnosis of stagnation of Qi and blood stasis syndrome in chronic prostatitis. To make diagnosis chart and ensure diagnosis threshold level which provide statistics evidence for syndrome differentiation of TCM. Methods By the statistical ways, 168 cases of chronic prostatitis belong to stagnation of Qi blood and stasis syndrome and 198 cases of non-stagnation of Qi and blood stasis syndrome were investigated. To make a diagnosis chart and ensure diagnosis threshold level by applying the method of the maximum likelihood discriminatory analysis. Results The quantitative diagnosis chart was made and diagnosis threshold level was 26. According to the retrospective and prospective test, its sensitivity, especially degree, coincidence rate, error rate and positive likelihood ratio were 94.64%, 88.89%, 91.53%, 8.47%, 8.52 and 94.28%, 90.32%, 92.42%, 7.58%, 9.74. Conclusion The indexes of the quantitative diagnosis have good objectivity. According to the retrospective and prospective test, the diagnosis chart was proved to be practical.