Objective: To review the problems existing in the development and application of current electroacupuncture (EA) apparatuses, and provide reference for the development of EA apparatuses. Methods: Related literatures about EA apparatus were derived from China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Academic Journal Full-text Database (Wanfang) and Chongqing VIP Database (CQVIP) between 2013 and 2017. Literatures about the development of EA apparatuses and the application for experimental research and clinical treatment published in Chinese journals were retrieved, and the development and application of EA apparatuses were summarized. Results: Among the 107 selected literatures, 48 types of EA apparatuses were used, of which only 11 models could be found in the registration list and within the validity period. There was no registration information for the EA apparatus newly developed in the past 5 years. The EA parameters used in experimental research and clinical treatment in Chinese medicine were different, and the combination of stimulation parameters was diverse. Conclusion: At present, most of the new EA products are still in the experimental or research stage, and the transformation of results has not yet been achieved. Moreover, there is no unified standard for the use of EA apparatus and its stimulation parameters in experimental research and clinical treatment, which is not conducive to the standardization process of EA stimulation.

This study was designed to investigate inhibitory effects and possible mechanisms of snake venom tripeptide (pENW) on platelet adhesion in order to promote the development of a novel anti-platelet therapy. To study the inhibitory effects of pENW on platelet adhesion, washed platelets pre-incubated with pENW (116.5-466.2 μmol x L(-1)) were used to test the ability of platelet adhesion to fibrinogen. Effect of pENW on fibrin clot retraction was also tested. Effect of pENW on platelets viability was tested by MTT assay. Effect of pENW on reactive-oxygen species (ROS) levels of platelet was studied by flow cytometry assay. Calcium mobilization in Fura-2/AM-loaded platelets was monitored with a spectrofluorimeter. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), thromboxane A2 (determined as its metabolite thromboxane B2) were measured using enzyme immunoassay kits. Akt, ERK and p38 phosphorylation were tested by Western blot. The results showed that pENW inhibited platelet adhesion and fibrin clot retraction in a concentration-dependent manner without cytotoxicity. Intracellular cGMP and cAMP in both resting and thrombin-activated platelets were increased by pENW. In addition, pENW attenuated intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and TXA2 production in platelets stimulated by thrombin. As shown by Western blot assay, Akt, ERK and p38 phosphorylation in thrombin-induced platelet were attenuated by pENW. However, inhibitory effects of pENW had nothing to do with ROS. Thus, pENW exhibited a significant inhibition on platelet adhesion to fibrinogen, which means pENW could block the first step of thrombosis as while as retard the more stable clot formation. The mechanisms of pENW on inhibition platelet adhesion might be related to instant regulations, such as protein kinases.
Blood Platelets ; drug effects ; Blotting, Western ; Calcium ; metabolism ; Cyclic AMP ; metabolism ; Cyclic GMP ; metabolism ; Flow Cytometry ; Phosphorylation ; Platelet Aggregation ; drug effects ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; metabolism ; Snake Venoms ; chemistry ; Thromboxane A2 ; metabolism ; Thromboxane B2 ; metabolism

The diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer are being improved due to the popularized screening of prostate specific antigen. Advanced prostate cancer, in spite of its response to androgen deprivation therapy, may finally develop into castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and shorten the overall survival of the patients. Many efforts have been made by worldwide researchers for new approaches to the management of CRPC, including new hormonal therapy, cytotoxic chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and bone metastasis-targeted therapy. This paper reviews the emerging agents undergoing clinical evaluation and drugs that have received approval for the treatment of CRPC in order to provide doctors and patients with more treatment options for CRPC and improve the overall survival rate and quality of life of the patients.
Androgen Antagonists ; Bone Neoplasms ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; Male ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; blood ; Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant ; therapy ; Quality of Life

Bicuspid ; Dental Pulp Cavity ; pathology ; Humans ; Mandible ; Root Canal Therapy

The use of flaps for plastic and reconstructive surgery is very popular today.More and more surgeons have realized that the blood supply plays an important role in the design and survival of flaps.After Ian McGregor and Ian Jackson first introduced the axial flaps into clinics,Mathes divided the flaps into two types in 1981,the fasciocutaneous perforator flaps and musculocutaneous perforator flaps.In 1989,the concept of perforator flap was first brought into clinical practice.With the development of microsurgery and anatomy,the epidermis of human skin is divided into areas based on the vascular anatomy.A new century of musculocutaneous perforator flaps has been established.The terminology,classification,characteristics and application of musculocutaneous perforator flaps are described in this paper.

Objective To clone human asparagine synthetase(ASNS)gene,express the MS2- ASNS fusion protein through gene engineering and use the purified target protein to immune BALB/C mice, prepare and identify the monoclonal antibody(McAb),which forms the base for studying mechanism of L- asparaginase used as salvage regimen in midline NK/T cell lymphoma nasal type.Methods ASNS gene fragment was amplified by RT-PCR from HepG2 cell line and constructed into prokaryocytic expression vector.Fusion-protein of MS2-ASNS was expressed and used for immunizing BALB/C mice to prepare McAbs against ASNS.Identified the McAb and detected the expression of ASNS in tumor.Results Part of the ASNS reading frame(NCBI,M27396:179-1 420 bp)was cloned and product length of RT-PCR was 1 263 bp.Molecular weight of MS2-ASNS was about 54 700 Da.Two strains of hybridoma secreting ASNS McAbs were obtained.The subtype of the ASNS McAb was IgG2a.Western-blot showed that the McAbs could specifically react with MS2-ASNS fusion protein and ASNS protein in tumor cell lines.ASNS expression was detected by immunocytochemistry and Immunohistochemisrry.Conclusion We have cloned human ASNS gene,obtained the anti-ASNS McAb and examined the expression of ASNS in tumor.

Objective To evaluate the CT findings and classification of the Le Fort fracture. Methods Sixty-two cases with Le Fort fractures were studied with thin-slice high-resolution CT scanning and analyzed with three-dimensional(3D)imaging reconstruction.Results Of the 62 patients,10 had Le Fort type Ⅰ fracture,9 had Le Fort type Ⅱ fracture,8 had Le Fort type Ⅲ fracture,and 35 had various combinations of the three types of Le Fort fractures,including 18 Le Fort Ⅰ+Ⅱ fracture,7 Le Fort Ⅰ+ Ⅱ+Ⅲ fracture and 10 Le Fort Ⅱ+Ⅲ fracture.Fifty-five cases had associated multiple fractures in the maxillofacial region.On 2D CT images,Le Fort fracture manifested as multiple and complex fractures. Though 2D image was better than 3D image in accurately defining tiny fractures and fractures of deep structures,the diagnosis of Le Fort fracture could not be correctly made solely on 2D image.3D CT clearly and stereoscopically demonstrated the entire shape and orientation of Le Fort fracture,thus facilitating the correct classification of Le Fort fracture.Conclusion 3D CT image is important in providing information about the space relationship of Le Fort fracture,thus very valuable for the preoperative planning.

Animals ; Female ; Fluorosis, Dental ; blood ; etiology ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; blood ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; blood ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; pathology ; ultrastructure ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sinoatrial Node ; pathology ; ultrastructure ; Sodium Fluoride ; poisoning ; Superoxide Dismutase ; blood

Objective To investigate the application of wall shear stress (WSS) in the carotid sinus of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients,and analyze the spatial distribution of WSS with contrast enhanced flow field (CEFF) quantita tive visualization analysis software.Methods Totally 47 T2DM patients and 25 healthy subjects were investigated.According to the intima-media thickness (IMT) of common carotid artery (CCA),the T2DM patients were divided into IMT normal group (n=21) and IMT thickening group (n=26).WSS in the carotid sinus was calculated by CEFF analysis soft ware,the corresponding spatial distribution maps of WSS were designed.WSS of the posterior wall of internal carotid artery (ICA) was recorded and statistical analysis.Results Both in the carotid sinus of healthy subjects and T2DM patients,there were two low WSS regions and one high WSS region.There were a large region of low WSS at the posterior wall of CCA and ICA,a small region of low WSS at the anterior wall of CCA,and a high WSS region at the anterior wall of ICA.The WSS at the posterior wall of ICA both in the IMT normal group [(3.39 ± 0.60)dynes/cm2] and IMT thickening group [(2.58±0.46)dynes/cm2] were significantly lower than that in control group ([3.74±0.53]dynes/cm2,both P＜0.05).WSS in IMT thickening group was lower than that in IMT normal group (P＜0.05).Conclusion CEFF quantitative visu alization analysis might constitute an approach to assess the presence of early-stage arteriosclerosis by measuring the WSS in the carotid sinus.

Objective To provide valid data and useful genetic counseling in the clinical application of non‐invasive prenatal test (NIPT) ,fetal chromosomal disorder were screened by massive parallel sequencing and made a follow‐up study .Methods Preg‐nant women with Down screening in high‐risk were screened by NIPT ;NIPT verified high‐risk individuals were suggested for kary‐otyping ;and we follow up on whoever showed low risk by NIPT before and after their deliveries .Results (1)Totally 1 676 cases of pregnant women were tested by NIPT ,25 cases prompted to be abnormal ,with an abnormal rate of 1 .49% ,karyotype analysis re‐sults in 12 cases of abnormalit ,the accuracies of NIPT for T21 ,T18 ,XO ,XXY ,and XYY were 99 .93% ,100 .00% ,99 .66% , 100 .00% ,100 .00% respectively ;the accuracy of NIPT for women with advanced paternal age and twins were both 100 .00% ;kary‐otyping positive individuals underwent abortion ,which gives a prenatal intervention rate of 100 .00% .(2)Out of 1 651 cases of NIPT low risk testers ,1 468 cases were successfully followed up ,with a 88 .91% success rate .We found chromosome abnormality with one case of inversion of chromosome 9 (maternal) .(3)Ultrasound‐detection possessed 98 .17% accuracy and 7 .69% in detec‐tion rate;in high‐risk pregnant woman ,Down screening had an accuracy of 0 .88% and false positive rate of 99 .12% ;98 .71%women were avoided prenatal diagnosis via NIPT .Conclusion Compare to ultrasound and maternal plasma screening ,NIPT is a far more accurate prenatal screening approach .To build effective follow‐up and service systems of NIPT is necessary to reduce birth de‐fects in medical institutions .