Long-term endurance training or physical activity has been confirmed not only to improve physical performance, but to bring about an obvious beneficial effect on human health; however, the mechanism of this effect is not clear. The most studied health adaptations in skeletal muscle response to endurance exercise are increased muscle glycogen level and insulin sensitivity, fiber type transformation toward oxidative myofibers, and increased mitochondrial content/function. Mitochondria are dynamic organelles in eukaryotic cells critical in physical performance and disease occurrence. The mitochondrial life cycle spans biogenesis, maintenance, and clearance. Exercise training may promote each of these processes and confer positive impacts on skeletal muscle contractile and metabolic functions. This review focused on the regulation of these processes by endurance exercise and discussed its potential benefits in health and disease. We presented evidence suggesting that exercise training potentiates not only the biogenesis of mitochondria but also the removal of old and unhealthy mitochondria through mitochondrial quality control.
Adaptation, Physiological ; Exercise ; Humans ; Mitochondria ; physiology ; Muscle Contraction ; Muscle, Skeletal ; physiology

Objective To make a Meta-analysis of the effectiveness and safety of Shenling Baizhu Powder (SBP) for the treatment of ulcerative colitis(UC),thus to provide evidence for the clinical treatment of ulcerative colitis.Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of SBP combined with western medicine vs western medicine in treating ulcerative colitis were included.The quality of RCTs was assessed by the Cochrane scale.A Meta-analysis was performed for the clinical efficacy,improvement of disease activity index (DAI) levels of the included trials.Results A total of 19 RCTs were included,involving 1498 cases.The results of Metaanalysis showed that compared with the western medicine group,the combined risk ratio(RR) of clinical efficacy in the SBP combined group was 1.55,95％ confidence interval (CI) being (1.39,1.72).The subgroup analysis based on control medicine showed that the combined RR of combined use of sulfasalazine or mesalazine/Olsalazine was 1.46,1.59 [95％CI (1.19,1.77) vs 95％CI (1.40,1.80)].The subgroup analysis based on different treatment courses showed that the combined RR of 1-30 days,31-60 days,61-90 days was 1.42,1.69,1.47 [95％CI (1.18,1.70) vs 95％CI (1.44,1.97) vs 95％CI (1.15,1.88)] respectively.The differences were significant (P ＜ 0.05).(2) The differences of the two groups on the improvement of DAI and inflammatory factors levels of interlekin-17(IL-17),IL-23,tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α),C-reactive protein(CRP) were statistically significant(P ＜ 0.05).(3)The sensitivity analysis of the primary outcomes showed a higher homogeneity in the literatures and the funnel plot analysis showed no evidence of publication bias.Conclusion Compared with western medicine,SBP combined with western medicine has better clinical efficacy for the treatment of UC,and the combined use of mesalazine/Olsalazine medicated for 30-60 days is more effective on improving DAI and inflammatory factors levels.However,for the low quality of the included literatures and insufficient experimental design,the conclusion needs more evidence from large sample-size randomized double-blind controlled trials.

Objective To study the alterations in neurobehavior of rats with diffuse axonal injury(DAI) and to evaluate the potential role of basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF). Methods A weight-drop device was employed to build the DAI model.An injection of bFGF subdurally and subcortically was given to the bFGF therapeutic group(n=60).Besides,normal control(n=20) and injured control group(n=60) were established.The elevated walkway test,prehensile traction test,sensorimotor integration test and the Morris' water maze test were adopted to examine the motor and memory abilities.After the implantation of skull electrodes,P3-like potential was explored in rats before and after injury. Results After DAI,the scales of the elevated walkway test,prehensile traction test,sensorimotor integration test and the Morris' water maze test were decreased,and the rats in the bFGF therapeutic group presented a better behaviour in the early stage.The latency of P3-like potential prolonged significantly in rats with DAI,with the P3-like potential in the injured control group longer than that in the bFGF therapeutic group(P

Objective To study the alterations in pathology and immunohistochemistry in rats with diffuse axonal injury(DAI) and the effects from basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF). Methods A weight-drop device was employed to produce DAI in rats.In the treatment group(n=60),bFGF was injected subdurally and subcortically.Besides,normal control group(n=20) and injury-control group(n=60) were also established.The pathological changes were observed by light microscopy and electromicroscopy,and the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF),growth associated protein-43(GAP-43) and glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) were also examined by immunohistochemistry. Results Typical pathological changes were observed in the basal portion of pons,corpus callosum and white matter of cerebral hemisphere in the rats with DAI.And an upregulation of GFAP,GAP-43 and BDNF was also found.In the treatment group,better outcomes of pathological changes were observed.bFGF increased the expression of BDNF and GAP-43,while inhibited the immunoreactivity of GFAP. Conclusion Topical application of bFGF can improve brain tissue regeneration and speed function recovery in rats with DAI,though its long-term effect warrants further study.

Objective Based on the diagnostic technique of electric meridian detection, to observe the clinical efficacy of acupuncture in treating angioneurotic headache.Method Totally 106 patients with angioneurotic headache were randomized into a treatment group and a control group, 53 cases in each group. The treatment group received acupuncture based on the electric meridian detection, while the control group received medication treatment. The hemorheology indexes [plasma viscosity (PV), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)] and McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) [Pain Rating Index (PRI), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and Present Pain Intensity (PPI)] were observed before and after intervention, and the clinical efficacies were compared. Result The total effective rate was 88.7% in the treatment group versus 71.7% in the control group, and the between-group difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). After intervention, the hemorheology indexes and MPQ scores were significantly changed in both groups (P<0.01,P<0.05).Conclusion Acupuncture based on electric meridian detection is an effective method in treating angioneurotic headache.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of photodynamic therapy(PDT)combined with intravitreaIinjection of bevacizumab for choroidal neovascularization(CNV)caused by agerelated macular degeneration(AMD). Methods A total of 21 eyes of 21 patients with AMD,which was diagnosed by examination of visual acuity,intraocular pressure,ocular fundus,fundus color photography,fundus fluoreseein angiography(FFA),indocyanine green angiography(ICGA)and optic coherence tomography(OCT),were underwent PDT combined with intravitreal injection of Bevacizumab.The patients,15 males(15 eyes)and 6 females(6 eyes),aged from 56 to 78 years,with the average of 68.6years.The best corrected visual acuity:counting fingers/10cm-0.9,logMAR was 1.04±0.41.CNV located in below or side central fovea of macula.There was obvious leakage of fluorescein which examined by FFA and ICGA.The average of retinal thickness of macular foveal was(258.91±78.66)μm.The treatment method of PDT has to according to the way of PDT for TAP and Verteporfin PDT for VIP.Intravitreal infeetion with 1.5mg bevacizumab was performed after three days under surface anesthesia.Follow-up time was 1,3,6,12 months after the treatment. Resuits At last visit,the best corrected visual acuity:counting fingers/10 cm-1.5,logMAR was 1.04±0.41,and the differences are statistically significant compared with before.The BCVA improved four or more lines in 6 eyes(28.57%),improved two to four lines in 9 eyes(42.86%),stabilized(±1 line or no change)in 6 eyes(28.57%)and decreased in none.The average intraocular pressure was(15.20±2.41)mmHg after surgery,and the differences was not statistically significant compared with before(P＞0.05).FFA and lCGA showed CNV complete closure in 13 eyes(61.90%).partial closure in 8 eyes(38.10%).The average of retinal thickness of macular foveal was(127.38±20.14)μm(P＜0.01). Conclusion Combining treatment with PDT and intravitreal injection of Bevacizumab is safe and effective for CNV which caused by AMD.It has significant improvement in BCVA.1eakage of CNV and retinal edema.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of isoflurane anesthesia on hippocampus synaptosomes proteome in aged rats.MethodsTwenty-seven 22- month-old SD rats weighing 480-550 g were randomly divided into 2 groups: control group (group C,n =6) and isoflurane group (group Ⅰ,n =21 ).In group C inhaled mixed gas containing 80％ oxygen for 2 h.In group Ⅰ the animals were endotracheal intubated after induction by 3％ isoflurane and inhaled 2％ isoflurane and 80％ oxygen for 2 h.Cognition function was evaluated by Y-maze at 24 h after anesthesia and the total training times were recorded.The total training times ＞ 75 was defined as cognitive dysfuction.In group Ⅰ the animals were divided into cognitive dysfuction group (group ⅠA) and non-cognitive dysfuction group (group IB) according to the results of Y-maze test.The animals were sacrificed and their hippocampi were removed and synaptosomes were extracted for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.The different protein spots were analyzed by mass chromatographic analysis.ResultsSix rats had cognitive dysfuction (group IA) and another thirteen rats had no cognitive dysfuction (group IB).The total training times were significantly higher in group IA than in groups C and IB( P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in the total training times between groups C and IB (P ＞ 0.05).There were 21 (11/10) different protein spots between groups IB and IA,and 19 (12/7) different protein spots between groups C and IA.Thirty-one protein spots were identified by means of MALDI-TOF-MS.ConclusionThe cognitive dysfuction after isoflurane anesthesia in aged rats may be related to the changes of energy metabolism protein,cytoskeletal structure and regulatory protein in synapse of hippocampus.

Objective To identify a unique protein as a novel genetic marker for rapid molecular typing of Mycobacteriutn tuberculosis Beijing genotype strains by comparing the proteome of Beijing genotype strains with non-Beijing strains.Methods Fifty-six clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuber- culosis were analyzed by spoligotyping to determine genotypes.The two-dimensional electrophoresis (2 DE)was used to compare the global protein patterns between Beijing genotype strains and non Bei jing strains.Differential expressed proteins were measured by matrix assisted laser desorption ioniza tion lime of flight mass spectrometry(MALDI-TOF-MS).The data obtained from peptide mass fingerprinting were compared in protein database.The genes encoding differential expressed proteins and their upstream were sequenced.Results Forty nine of the 56 isolates were Beijing genotype strains and 7 isolates were non-Beijing strains.A unique protein Rv0927c was identified,which is absent in Beijing genotype strains compared with 7 non Beijing strains and H37Rv.There were two characteristic mutations in Beijing genotype strains,a deletion of AGC at nucleotide position 421 of Rv0927c and a 127 G→A muta- tion in the upstream of Rv0927c.but not in non Beijing strains and H37Rv.Conclusion Characteris tic mutations of Rv0927c in Beijing genotype strains can be used as a novel genetic marker for rapid molecular typing of Mycobacteriuln tuberculosis Beijing genotype strains and non Beijing strains.

OBJECTIVEThe present study was undertaken to design antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-ODNs) of glial glutamate transporter-la (GLT-1a) and to evaluate the effectiveness of the designed AS-ODNs on the expression of GLT-1a.

METHODSFive sequences of GLT-1a AS-ODNs were designed according to the C terminus specific sequences of GLT-1a mRNA using antisense design software of IDT Com- pany. Western blot analysis was used to evaluate the inhibition effects of the five GLT-1a AS-ODNs on the expression of GLT-la.

RESULTSThe sequence of GLT-1a AS-ODNs with sequence of 5'-GGTTCTTCCTCAACACTGCA-3' could specifically inhibit the expression of GLT-1a in the hippocampal CA1 subfield of rats, while it had no effect on the expression of GLT-1b. This sequence showed similar inhibition on the expression of GLT-la in sham and ceftriaxone (Cef)-treated rats. It could also significantly inhibit the cerebral ischemic preconditioning (CIP)-induced up-regulation in the expression of GLT-1a. The magnitude of the inhibition in sham, Cef- or CIP-treated rats was similar by more than 60%.

CONCLUSIONFrom the designed five sequences of GLT-1a AS-ODNs, we obtained an effective sequence which can specifically inhibit the expression of GLT-1a.

Animals ; CA1 Region, Hippocampal ; metabolism ; Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2 ; antagonists & inhibitors ; metabolism ; Ischemic Preconditioning ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense ; genetics ; RNA, Messenger ; Rats ; Up-Regulation

Objective　 To investigated the possible roles of IL-18 in HBV infection, and the expression of IL-18 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of chronic hepatitis B. Methods 　In 15 cases of asymptomatic carriers, 30 cases of active and remissive phases of chronic hepatitis and 10 healthy individuals (as normal controls), IL-18 expression in PBMC were quantitatively analyzed with flow cytometric immunological method. The PBMC were separated routinely and stimulated with LPS (SIGMA) and Monensin (SIGMA) for 6 hours. Then the cells were harvested and fixed by PBS/4% paraformaldehyde. The treated cells were stored in liquid nitrogen for detection later. After immunologic stain, the expression of IL-18 in PBMC were examined by flow cytometry. Results　 ① IL-18 was the lowest in asymptomatic carriers. It was fewer in remissive phase than in normal controls (P＜0.01).There was no difference between active phase and normal controls(P=0.25).②Within the group of active phase, IL-18 was significantly different between each grade of inflammatory activity(P＜0.01),and correlated with serum ALT positively(r=0.63,P＜0.01). Conclusion　 IL-18 may relate to disease activity and the inflammation of liver.