In recent years,biofeedback combined with nerve electrical stimulation therapy as a kind of new treatment has been generally applied in paediatrics,gastroenterology,proctology and rehabilitation.This paper is to review the application of the therapy in children with fecal incontinence,including its principle,clinical efficacy and prospects.

To evaluate the effectiveness of applying visual electrophysiological examination, including flash visual evoked potentials ( FVEP ) , flash electroretinogram ( FERG ) , pattrn electroretinogram ( PERG ) , fundus photography, eye B-type ultrasound, optical coherence tomography ( OCT ) , on visual function assessment and retinal disease detection before cataract surgery. METHODS: Visual elctrophysiological examination, fundus photography, eye B-type ultrasound and OCT were applied in 148 cases ( 196 eyes ) . The positive rate was analyzed according to the results of FVEP, FERG ( or PERG ) , fundus photography, eye B - type ultrasound and OCT.RESULTS: ln 148 cases ( 196 eyes ) , vitreous opacities was showed in 165 eyes ( 84. 2%) by eye B - type ultrasound examination, 31 eyes (15. 8%) without access to B-type ultrasound image; success for fundus camera images in 161 eyes (80. 6%), and unable to get image in 35 eyes (19. 4%); the VEP and ERG in 58 eyes (29. 6%) were get valuable, and the VEP and ERG were saw no obvious abnormal in 138 eyes ( 70. 4%); success for OCT image in 167 eyes (85. 2%), without access to OCT image in 29 eyes (14. 8%). CONCLUSlON: Visual elctrophysiological detection, fundus photography, eye B-type ultrasound and OCT can predict the preoperative visual acuity of cataractous patients. A variety of inspection methods complement each other, can further improve detection rate of retinal diseases and other eye disease before cataract surgery.

Objective To establish a method for determination of chlorogenic acid, galuteolin and 3,5-O-dicaffeoyl quinic acid in chrysanthemums by quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker ( QAMS ) . Methods Using chlorogenic acid as the internal standard substance, the relative correction factors ( RCFs ) of galuteolin and 3, 5-O-dicaffeoyl quinic acid were determined by HPLC.The contents of chlorogenic acid, galuteolin and 3,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid in 12 samples of chrysanthemums were authentically determined by the external standard method, so as to to verify the accuracy of the QAMS method. Results The average relative error of contents of galuteolin and 3,5-O-dicaffeoyl quinic acid was 2.75% and 1.33%by the external standard method and QAMS, respectively. Conclusion The established RCFs have good reproducibility.In case of lack of standard substances, the QAMS method with chlorogenic acid as an internal standard for determination of 3 indicators in chrysanthemum is feasible.

Brain ; metabolism ; Brain Chemistry ; Creatine ; deficiency ; Humans ; Syndrome

Objective To observe the effect of iodine deficiency and hypothyroidism on the protein expressions of CREB in the entorhinal cortex of pups.Methods Twenty-eight female Wistar clean rats after pregnancy were randomly divided into control group,hypothyroid 1,2 group and iodine deficient group(7 in each group).From GD6 till PN28,iodine-deficient group was administered with iodine-deficient diet [iodine content:(14.11 ?1.96) ng/g] and tap water;hypothyroid 1 and 2 group were administered with 5 mg/L and 15 mg/L PTU in the drinking water and fed with normal diet [iodine content:(470.50?46.52) ng/g].Control group received tap water and normal diet during the experiment.Five pups from each group were sacrificed and intracardiac perfused at PN7,PN14,PN21,PN28 and PN42.Brains were removed,fixed and sectioned coronally.All sections were observed and were analyzed for the protein expression of CREB by immunohistochemistry in the entorhinal cortex.Results At PN7,there was no significant difference in the expression of Ng in all four groups.At PN14 and PN21,the expression of CREB in the entorhinal cortex in hypothyroid 1,2 group and iodine deficient group were significantly lower than those of controls(P

Objective To compare the expressions of p16~(ink4a) and Ki-67 in human cervical lesions. Methods The expressions of p16~ink4a and Ki-67 protein were measured with immunhistochemical staining in 42 human normal uterine cervical tissues,21 with human cervical intraepitheial neoplasia(CIN) Ⅰ,21 with CINⅡ,and 36 with CINⅢ.The relevance of the expressions of the two proteins to CIN grades was analyzed by Spearman Correlation.The sensitivity,specificity,positive/negative predictive values,and youden's index of p16~(ink4a) and Ki-67 were also studied. Results For p16~(ink4a),the sensitivity and specificity were 83.3% and 90.5%;the positive and negative predictive values were 94.2% and 74.5%;Youden's index was 0.738.For ki-67,the sensitivity and specificity were 98.7% and 16.7%;the positive and negative predictive values were 68.75% and 87.5%;Youden's index was 0.154.Both the sensitivity and specificity for the combined Ki-67 and p16~(ink4a) are 83.3%.Conclusion p16~(ink4a) has higher specificity and positive predictive value,and is a good diagnostic marker for cervical lesion.By contrast,Ki-67 has higher sensitivity and negative predictive value.Even with its poor specificity,it can still be regarded as a supplementary test for early diagnostic cervical lesion.The overall performance of p16~(ink4a) is better than that of Ki-67.

40 cm H 2O (1 cm H 2O=0.098 kPa) in 4.Among the 5 children without urinary complaints,2 had detrusor hyperreflexia,2 had detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia,and 1 was generally normal.Postoperatively the improvement of urinary incontinence rate was greater in patients with primary TCS (28.6%,8/28) than those with secondary TCS (0%,0/7;P=0.048). It was greater in patients with non-lipoma TCS (100%,3/3) than those with lipoma TCS ( 15.6%,5/32;P=0.004).It was greater in patients with meningocele TCS (36.4%,8/22) than those with myelomeningocele TCS(0%,0/6;P=0.047).It was greater in patients born without urological symptoms (80%,4/5) than those born with urological symptoms(17.4%,4/23;P=0.019).Urodynamic studies also showed the incidence of detrusor hyperreflexia after surgery was lower in primary TCS (24.2%,8/32) than in secondary TCS(71.4%,5/7;P=0.015);the incidence of detrusor underactivity was lower in non-lipoma TCS (12.5%,1/8) than in lipoma TCS(56.3%,18/32;P=0.027);decreased compliance rate was lower in meningocele TCS than in myelomeningocele TCS(100%,6/6;P=0.0052).The rates of detrusor hyperreflexia,decreased compliance and detrusor underactivity postoperatively were lower in those born without urinary symptoms (0,0/10;20%,2/10;20%,2/10) than in those with (34.89%,8/23;60.9%,14/23; 65.2%,15/23;P=0.032,P=0.031,P=0.017, respectively). Conclusions Urodynamic examinations are effective in evaluating the lower urinary tract function in children with TCS after surgery.Patients with TCS have various abnormal urodynamic findings.Pathological types of TCS and the presence of symptoms at birth influence urinary function after surgery.

Objective To study the changes in pulmonary diffusing capacity (DL), alveolar capillary membrane diffusing capacity (Dm) and pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vc) in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and to elucidate the underlying pathophysiogical mechanism of reduction of pulmonary diffusing capacity. Method Spirometry was performed in 26 SARS patients and 12 healthy individuals in resting condition. DLco were measured by single breath method, estimations of Dm and Vc were done by the method of Roughton and Forster. Results DLco in SARS patients was significantly lower than that in normal control, the same was true for Dm and Vc. The severer the pulmonary lesion, the heavier the damage to the pulmonary diffusing funetion. Conclusion The changes in Dm and Vc were both found in patients with SARS. Their measurements were helpful for detecting pulmonary involvement in SARS and defining the reason of DL abnormality in SARS. Dm and Vc were important and sensitive for monitoring pulmonary diffusing function in SARS patients

Objective: To investigate the effect of retinoic acid on the differentiation and development of B lymphocytes, and explore the mechanism of vitaminA in increasing the production of antibodies. Method: In vitro cultured cells from children’s normal mesentery lymph nodes, before and after administration of retinoic acid or retinoic acid antagonist, the changes of cell surface markers were analyzed by flowcytometry to observe the differentiation and maturation of B cells. Results: During culture in vitro, the percent of mature CD19+IgM+ B cells increased and relatively immature CD19+IgM- B cells decreased gradually, and the changes were especially obvious at 48 h. The administration of retinoic acid further increased the percent of CD19+IgM+ B cells, and the enhancement was markedly at 24 and 48 h (P

Objective To explore the manifestation and diagnostic value of CT in retinoblastoma. Methods Twentythree cases of retinoblastomas proven by operation and pathologic examination were collected. Their CT images, clinical symptoms and pathologic results were retrospectively analyzed. Results Twentythree patients of retinoblastomas aged from 4 months to 9 years (mean 2.4 years). CT images showed soft tissue mass (shaped as node, crescentshaped or occupied the entire space of the eyeball) was in the globe of all cases. There was calcification in 19 cases (82.6%), including “small pinch” in 12 cases or “patches” in 7 cases. Five cases were found the optic nerve thickened (21.7%), and 1 case of intracranial invasion through the optic nerve canal (1/23), and 6 cases of retina detachment (6/23). The lesion showed mild or moderate enhancement after intravenous contrast medium were performed. Conclusion CT has an advantage on showing the size, shapes, intrastructures and invasive degree of the lesion, and is meaningful to the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of retinoblastoma.