Recently, increasing attention has been paid to beads, an innovative self-assembled drug delivery system prepared from cyclodextrins and oils. Beads are new core-shell minispheres containing poorly water-soluble drugs or lipophilic drugs dissolved in the lipid core without the use of organic solvents and surfactants. Therefore, beads with high drug loading and improved oral bioavailability have great potential for oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs and lipophilic drugs. The preparation mechanisms, formulations and methods, the in vitro and in vivo properties of beads were reviewed in order to provide the theoretical basis for further application of beads.

The outpatient service system at Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital came into use since April 2009.Data from Jan.2010 to Oct.2010 and interviews with employees of department in question showed a rapid growth of outpatient appointments,a poor handling of outpatients absenteeism,and poor integration among the platforms of the appointments.The development of outpatient services depends on behavioral change of both medical workers and consumers.Some measures could be employed to improve outpatient appointment within the current mechanism.

Objective In this study,the authers investigate the effect of lumbar arachnoid space continuous drainage to prevent and reverse cerebral vasospasm (CVS) angiographically following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).Methods SAH model was achieved by cisternal magna twice injections of autolugous blood.Thirty adult mongrel dogs presented with SAH were randomly divided into five groups: early-drainage group,later-drainage group,early-puncture group,later-puncture group and control group. The lumbar puncture two groups started to puncture and exclude blood cerebral spinal fluid(CSF) 2 hours later following the second injection and on day 5 respectively,while the drainage two groups started to drain at the same time.The degrees of CVS were analyzed through cerebral angiography(%reduction of basilar artery diamiter,%RBAD). Results ①Compared with early puncture group and control group,early drainage group had less cases of CVS and the degrees of CVS were more slight which relieved within shorter period than other two groups.②Compared with later puncture group and control group,later drainage group had less cases of CVS and the period of CVS was shorter.③Compared with later drainage group,there were less cases of CVS and the degrees of CVS were more slight in early drainage group.Conclusions Lumbar subarachnoid space continuous drainage may prevent and reverse the CVS following SAH.Early lumbar subarachnoid space continuous drainage should be presented with better consequence.

Objective To study the regularity of compound herbal formulae for renal fibrosis (RF). Methods Compound herbal formulae published about the treatment of RF in databases of Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database, CNKI, Chinese Biomedical Literature Service System, and Wanfang Databasewere searched and collected. A database was established for data mining by using frequency analysis, cluster analysis and association rule analysis. Regularity of key herbs and groups of herbs was discussed. Results There were 38 prescriptions (totally 95 herbs) in the compound herbal formulae for RF, and the total frequency was 362 times. High frequency herbs under cluster analysis were classified into 3 clusters including tonic, hemorheologic agent and promoting diuresis drugs. The rules in pair of herbs were 18, and rules in group of herbs were 31 (three or four medicinal herbs) by using association rule analysis. Conclusion Tonifying promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasisis a common sense for treating RF.

Objective To assess the value of tomographic ultrasound imaging (TUI) for prenatal analysis of the relative orientation of fetal heart and great arteries. Methods Volume datasets acquired from 12 patients of transposition of the great arteries (TGA) and 13 normal fetal heart were evaluated offline with TUI. The aortic valves (AV) and pulmonary valves (PV) were respectively showed on the two parallel slices. According to the pivot point in the middle of the PV in one slice, the relative orientation of the AV on another slices were analyzed. Results In the 12 patients of TGA confirmed postnatally, 7 were concomitant with single ventricle anomaly, AV was on the anterior-right orientation of the PV in 5, and was relatively on the anterior and anterior-left orientation in other 2 of them.In the remained 5 with seeming normal 4 chamber view, AV was found on the anterior-right of the PV in 3, and was relatively on the anterior and upright orientation.in other 2 patients. In 13 normal fetuses, TUI showed that all AV located on the posterior-right orientation to the PV. Conclusion TUI can provide detailed spatial information of the great arteries both in normal and abnormal fetal heart. It may be a convenient and veracious tool for prenatal exploring the morphology of the great arteries.

BACKGROUND:Studies have shown that ankle-foot orthosis can increase the feedback on the input information from receptors in the skin of the foot and leg to improve the ankle joint position sense, and promote brain function reorganization.
OBJECTIVE:To systematical y evaluate the effect of ankle-foot orthosis on the improvement of walking in hemiplegic patients.
METHODS:The Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, CNKI, WanFang Data and VIP database were searched for reports of randomized control ed trials of ankle-foot orthosis to improve walking ability in hemiplegic patients, from the date of establishment of each database to June 2013. The randomized control ed trials which met the criteria were included for the Meta-analysis.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:A total of 9 randomized control ed trials involving 456 patients were included. Meta-analysis showed that, compared with conventional treatment and drug therapy, ankle foot orthosis via the continuous treatment shows certain advantages to improve lower extremity motor function in hemiplegic patients, life skil s and 10-meter maximum walking speed. Due to a limited number of included documents, the remaining indicators such as walking speed, stride difference and balance function were only for appropriate descriptive analysis. The results suggested that, by improving abnormal gait, walking speed, stride frequency, gait cycle, space asymmetry, ankle muscle spasms and balancing, the ankle-foot orthosis could achieve the goal of improving walking function. Ankle-foot orthoses could not be confirmed to exert the role in the fol owing indicators, including time asymmetry, double support phase prolongation and stride length. This evidence shows that ankle-foot orthoses in hemiplegic patients may promote recovery of motor function of the lower limbs and activities of daily living to a certain extent, but the more high-quality, multi-center randomized control ed trials with large samples are necessary.

The leaves and fruits of Ginkgo biloba L.are embodied in Pharmacopoeia of People's Republic of China,mainly contain ginkgo flavonoids,terpene lactones,phenolic acids,isopentenyl alcohol,steroids and other chemical compositions.The extract and active ingredients can be made into tablets,capsules,granules,oral liquid,injection,dripping pills,syrup,tincture and other formulations,clinically used for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease treatment.The adverse reactions are allergies,diarrhea,bleeding,liver and kidney toxicity.This review contains the chemical composition,dosage form and clinical adverse reactions of Ginkgo biloba in recent years,for providing a reference of further development and rational utilization of this plant resource.

BACKGROUND: It was reported that the reason why the fracture healing become more and more difficult with the increasing age may be associated with the varied gene regulation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells differentiation into osteoblast and lipoblast. However, the exact mechanism under it remains poorly understood.OBJECTIVE: To explore the association of the age-related changes on expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and core binding α1 (Cbfα1) with the age-relatad fracture healing impairment, we studied the expression changes of PPARγ and Cbfα1 during aging fracture healing.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: A randomized control animal trial was performed in the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University between October 2007 and Febuary 2008. MATERIALS: Six male SD rats of 3 months and the other six of 23 months, randomly-selected, were divided into two groups: the old experiment group (23 months) and the young control group (3 months). METHODS: Transverse osteotomies on the middle-upper parts of left tibiae were performed to the rats, with the self-made extemal mini-fixator implanted there simultaneously. Tractions were taken twice a day (0.2 mm/d) for 14 days from day 2 till day 15 post operation. On day 15 post operation, rats were sacrificed to harvest left tibea samples. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Both imaging examination and histological observation were performed to the fractures of rats. The PPARγ and Cbfα1 expression were detected with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. RESULTS: All samples were involved in the results analyses. The imaging examination showed that many osteotylus generated between the broken ends of fractures in the young control group; that the bone formation of the young control group was much better than that of the old experiment group. The histological observation showed that large amounts of osteotylus growth occurred to every animal in the young control group and their membrane bone formation was remarkable; comparatively, the osteotylus growth in the old group was weakened dramatically, and only fibrous joints were seen. The RT-PCR detection showed that differences of significance existed in both PPARγ and Cbfα1 mRNA expressions between the two groups, with the much higher Cbfol mRNA expression in the bone marrow of rats in the young group and the much higher PPARy mRNA expression in the bone marrow of rats in the old group.CONCLUSION: Rats of different ages show different fracture healing abilities, i.e. the higher ages, the lower fracture healing abilities. In addition, expressions of PPARγ and Cbfα1 in the bone marrow of rats alter with the increasing age, which indicates that there are certain associations between the changed expression level of the two factors and the fracture healing impartment.

A new dynamic in vitro intestinal absorption model for screening and evaluating lipid formulations was established by means of the characteristics of the intestinal digestion and absorption of the lipid formulations. This model was composed of two systems, including intestinal digestion and the intestinal tissue culture, which drew the evaluation method of intestinal absorption into the in vitro lipolysis model. The influence of several important model parameters such as Ca2+, D-glucose, K+ on the two systems of this model has been investigated. The results showed that increasing of Ca2+ concentration could be significantly conductive to intestinal digestion. The increasing of D-glucose concentration could stepped significantly down the decay of the intestinal activity. K+ was able to maintain intestinal activity, but the influence of different concentration levels on the decay of the intestinal activity was of no significant difference. Thus the model parameters were set up as follows: Ca2+ for 10 mmol x L(-1), D-glucose for 15 mmol x L(-1) and K+ for 5.5 mmol x L(-1). Type I lipid formulation was evaluated with this model, and there was a significant correlation between the absorption curve in vitro and absorption curve in vivo of rats (r = 0.995 6, P < 0.01). These results demonstrated that this model can be an attractive and great potential method for the screening, evaluating and predicting of the lipid formulations.

This paper report the development of a new dosage form - self-microemulsifying mouth dissolving films, which can improve the oral bioavailability of water insoluble drugs and have good compliance. A three factor, three-level Box-Behnken design was used for optimizing formulation, investigated the effect of amounts of microcrystalline cellulose, low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose and hypromellose on the weight, disintegration time, cumulative release of indomethacin after 2 min, microemulsified particle size and stretchability. Optimized self-microemulsifying mouth dissolving films could fast disintegrate in (17.09 +/- 0.72) s; obtain microemulsified particle size at (28.81 +/- 3.26) nm; and release in vitro at 2 min to (66.18 +/- 1.94)%. Self-microemulsifying mouth dissolving films with broad application prospects have good compliance, strong tensile and can be released rapidly in the mouth through fast self-microemulsifying.