Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Rickettsia, Spirochetes and Actinobacteria were generally called "four pathogens and one bacterium". It was always difficult to be denominated and classified rightly in textbooks, while it was also a key interfering with students to grasp the concept of bacteria exactly. So we raise the question and hope to learn from each other by an exchange of views here.

Objective:To explore the potential targets for Traditional Chinese Medical Formula against tuberculosis infection.Methods:U937 cells were incubated with the drug-serum prepared with Clehnia root Ophioponis Decoction(COD),Lily Metal-Consolidating Decoction (LMCD) and Radix Ginseng Gecko Powder(RGGP) for 24 hours.The mRNA and protein level of CR1,CR3,CD14,CD43,TLR2 and TLR4 expressed in macrophages respectively were then measured by RT-PCR and FACS.The phagocytic and killing activity of the U937 cells interfered with the drug-serum for 24 h were then detected after BCG stimulation.Meanwhile,secretion of IL-10,IL-12 and the activity of iNOS in the macrophages were detected by ELISA and biochemistry method in each group.Results:The drug-serum prepared with COD,LMCD and RGGP had different regulatory effects on the expression of PRRs and the production of IL-10 and IL-12 in the macrophages,and could enhance the phagocytosis percentage and phagocytic index(P

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Salvia Miltiorrhiza injection (SMI) on peritoneal dialysis solution (PDS) induced injuries of peritoneal structure and function in a rat model, and to observe the relationship between the failure of peritoneal dialysis and expressions of aquaporin-1 (AQP-1) and zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) in peritoneal tissues. METHODS: Fifty-six SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group, 1.5% PDS group, 4.25% PDS group, 1.5%PDS+1% SMI group, 1.5%PDS+2% SMI group, 4.25% PDS+1% SMI group and 4.25% PDS+2% SMI group. Two-hour peritoneal dialysis test was performed in rats in different groups by intraperitoneal injection for 8-week. Then rats were killed on the 8th week, and the bloods and peritoneal tissues were gathered. The rate of ultrafiltration, clearance rates of urea nitrogen, creatinine and glucose of peritoneum and content of total protein in PDS were detected. Peritoneal membrane histology was evaluated by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Expressions of ZO-1 and AQP-1 proteins in peritoneal tissues were detected by immunohistochemical method, and AQP-1 protein expression was also detected by Western blotting technique. RESULTS: Compared with normal control group, using of 1.5% PDS and 4.25% PDS caused the changes of structure and function in peritoneum, such as pathological change of peritoneum, decreasing of the rate of ultrafiltration (P<0.05), clearance rates of creatinine and glucose (P<0.01) and the expression of ZO-1 protein (P<0.05), and increasing of the expression of AQP-1 protein (P<0.05). Compared with the simple PDS groups, the pathological damage of peritoneum was lessened and the rate of ultrafiltration and clearance rates of creatinine and glucose were increased in the 1.5% PDS+2% SMI group and 1.5% PDS+2% SMI group. Expression of AQP-1 protein was decreased by 1.5% PDS+2% SMI as compared with 1.5% PDS (P<0.05).[JP] CONCLUSION: SMI can relieve the injuries of function and structure of peritoneum by down-regulating the expression of AQP-1 protein.

Objective:To investigate the clinical effect of mindfulness-based therapy combined with risperidone treatment on emotional disorder in schizophrenic patients during the recovery period.Methods:A total of 106 schizophrenic patients during the recovery period who received treatment from March 2017 to February 2019 in The Second Hospital of Jinhua,China were included in this study.They were randomly assigned to undergo mindfulness-based therapy combined with risperidone treatment alone (study group, n = 53) or risperidone treatment (control group, n = 53).The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) score and Scale of Social Function in Psychosis Inpatients (SSPI) score were compared between study and control groups before and after treatment. Results:Before treatment,there were no significant differences in PANSS total score,negative scale score,positive scale score,general psychopathology scale score between study and control groups (all P > 0.05).After treatment,negative scale score,positive scale score,general psychopathology scale score and PANSS total score in the study group were (11.54 ± 1.63) points,(11.56 ± 1.61) points,(21.71 ± 1.85) points,(44.66 ± 3.01) points respectively,and they were (15.31 ± 1.91) points,(15.29 ± 1.89) points,(23.51 ± 2.11) points,(52.06 ± 3.32) points,respectively in the control group.After treatment,negative scale score,positive scale score,general psychopathology scale score and PANSS total score in each group were significantly lower than those before treatment (study group: t = 10.352,10.337,8.419,15.630; control group: t = 2.607,2.601,4.534,7.131,all P < 0.05).After treatment,negative scale score,positive scale score,general psychopathology scale score and PANSS total score in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group ( t = 10.930,10.937,4.670,12.022,all P < 0.05).Before treatment,there were no significant differences in scores of activities of daily living,social skills and initiative and communication between the two groups (all P > 0.05). After treatment,scores of social skills,activities of daily living and initiative and communication in the study group were (12.88 ± 1.62) points,(10.58 ± 1.54) points,(13.14 ± 1.97) points respectively,and they were (11.92 ± 1.56) points,(9.01 ± 1.43) points,and (11.46 ± 1.69) points respectively in the control group.After treatment,scores of social skills,activities of daily living and initiative and communication in each group were significantly higher than those before treatment (study group: t = 6.783,5.475,4.430; control group: t = 3.956,2.263,2.009,all P < 0.05).After treatment,scores of social skills,activities of daily living and initiative and communication in the study group were significantly higher than those in the control group ( t = 3.108,5.439,4.712,all P < 0.05). Conclusion:Mindfulness-based therapy combined with risperidone treatment for emotional disorder in schizophrenic patients during the recovery period can effectively improve the emotional disorder,reduce the schizophrenia symptoms,and improve the social function of patients.

Objective To investigate the effects of BCG ( Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) infection on NKG2D (natural killer group 2, member D) ligands (MICA, MICB, ULBP1 and ULBP2) expressed on macrophages and to further analyze the effects of baicalin on these NKG2D ligands and the cytotoxic activity of NK cells. Methods PMA ( phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) was used to induce the differentiation of THP-1 cells into macrophages. The THP-1-derived macrophages were infected with BCG and then treated with baicalin. The expression of MICA, MICB, ULBP1 and ULBP2 at mRNA and protein levels were meas-ured by real-time PCR and Western blot assay. The BCG-infected macrophages were co-cultured with NK cells derived from human PBMC for 4 h. Real-Time Cell Analyzer ( RTCA DP) was used to evaluate the cy-totoxic activity of NK cells. Results The expression of MICA, MICB, ULBP1 and ULBP2 at mRNA level and the expression of MICA and ULBP1 at protein level were upregulated after infecting the macrophages with BCG. The expression of MICA and ULBP1 at mRNA and protein levels and the killing activity of NK cells were significantly enhanced after treating the BCG-infected macrophages with baicalin (1 mg/L) for 72 h. Conclusion BCG infection could induce the expression of NKG2D ligands on human macrophages, but could not effectively active the NK cells. Baicalin could enhance the cytotoxic activity of NK cells by further up-regulating the expression of NKG2D ligands on BCG-infected macrophages.

OBJECTIVETo explore the clinical efficacy and mechanism of acupuncture and tapping therapy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes of yin deficiency pattern combined with stasis in the patients.

METHODSOne hundred and twelve patients were treated with acupuncture, followed by tapping method. The reinforcing method with lifting, thrusting and rotating needle technique was used at Taixi (KI 3), Shenmen (HT 7), Taibai (SP 3), Taiyuan (LU 9), Sanyinjiao (SP 6) and Zusanli (ST 36); and the even-needling technique was used at Taichong (LR 3), Hegu (LI 4), Xuehai (SP 10) and Fenglong (ST 40). The needles were remained for 30 min. After needle removal, the tapping method with plum-blossom needle was applied to Geshu (BL 17), Yishu (EX-B 3), Ganshu (BL 18), Shenshu (BL 23) and Pishu (BL 20), once every two days. The treatment of 3 months was required. The changes were observed before and after treatment in the relevant indices of fat-islet axis such as fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting leptin (FLP), fasting insulin (FINS), insulin sensitivity index (ISI), insulin resistance (Homa IR), insulin secretion index (Homa-beta) and the indices of obesity and blood lipids in the patients.

RESULTSAfter treatment, the total effective rate was 84.8% (95/112), in which the efficacy on the stasis predominated syndrome was better than that of yin deficiency predominated syndrome [92.9% (52/56) vs 76.8% (43/56), P < 0.05]. Before treatment, FPG, FLP, FINS, Homa-IR, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), body mass, body mass index (BMI), fat percentage (F%) and obesity degree in the patients were higher obviously than those in the normal group (all P < 0.01); high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and ISI were lower than those in the normal group (both P < 0.01). After treatment, FPG, FLP, FINS, Homa-IR, TC, TG, LDL-C, body mass, BMI, F% and obesity degree were all reduced obviously as compared with those before treatment (all P < 0.01). ISI and HDL-C were increased apparently (both P < 0.01). The efficacy on mild obesity was superior to that on moderate and severe obesity, and the efficacy in the young patients was better than that in the elderly, the efficacy in the males was better than that in the females, but the differences were not significant (all P > 0.05). The efficacy in the cases with 10 years duration of sickness was superior to those with over 10 years duration of sickness (P < 0. 01).

CONCLUSIONAcupuncture and tapping therapy achieves the significant efficacy on type 2 diabetes of yin deficiency pattern combined with stasis and its effect mechanism is related to the positive regulation of glucose, lipid metabolism and fat-islet axis.

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Adult ; Aged ; Blood Glucose ; metabolism ; Cholesterol ; metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; metabolism ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Insulin ; metabolism ; Leptin ; metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Treatment Outcome ; Triglycerides ; metabolism ; Yin Deficiency ; metabolism ; therapy

Objective To observe the therapeutic effects of Cheneau orthosis with different pressure areas on the patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Methods Thirty patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis who had apex vertebraes below T6 were included, and randomly divided into group A in which patients wore orthosis spanning across 3 vertebra, and group B in which patients wore orthosis spanning across 5-6 vertebra. All patients were assessed with regard to Cobb degree, apex vertebrae rotary degree and pain index after wearing the orthosis. Results The rectified ratio of Cobb degree were 17% and 29% in groups A and B, respectively. There was a statistical difference between the 2 groups(P<0.05). No statistical difference was found between the 2 groups in terms of apex vertebrae rotary degrees(P>0.05). Pain index was 5.00 in group A, and 2.07 in group B, which was statistically different (P<0.05). Conclusions Increasing pressure points' areas of Cheneau orthosis properly can improve more effectively the lateral curvature angle of the patients with adolescent idiopathic seoliosis.

Objective: To proform the digital three-dimensional reconstruction and measurement analysis of the normal Mongolian young students' digital anatomical features so to provide anatomical parameters for auricle reconstruction surgery, data measurement for traumatic ear defects, and provide basic data for forensic disability identification. Methods: A total of 32 Mongolian college students used the Artec Spider 3D scanner to perform a three-dimensional scan of the auricle. The 59 sides (28 cases on the left side and 31 cases on the right side) were screened out. Using software measurement according to anthropometry, the ear length and width of the ear, the length and width of the ear, the length and width of the earlobe, and the correlation analysis were carried out. Results: Fifty-nine cases of normal auricle were obtained. The results were as follows: morphological ear length was(25. 72±2. 64) mm, morphological ear width(49. 73± 5. 18)mm, physiognomic ear length(60. 06±4. 89) mm, physiognomic ear width(28. 68±3. 25) mm, earlobe length(15. 71± 2. 67) mm, lobe width(20. 45±2. 92) mm, the morphological ear index was 194. 98±26. 03, and the physiognomic ear index was 47. 91±5. 36. The morphological ear index was calculated to be 194. 98±26. 03, and the physiognomic index was 47. 91 ±5. 36. Conclusion: The symmetry of the auricle is good, and there is a gender difference in the appearance and ear length of the auricle (P<0. 05). There is a difference between the Mongolian nationality and the Han nationality in different regions (P<0. 05). The feature ear length of the Mongolian young college students is similar to that of the Sichuan Han nationality in northwest China. Male physiognomic ear of Han nationality in Henan province between 20 and 29 years old is longer than male physiognomic ear length of 20 to 22 years old in this paper. Male physiognomic ear length of Mongolian young college students are as those of Han Chinese men in northwest China. The features and ear length of Mongolian young college students are similar to that of the southern Han nationality at the age of 20. Male physiognomic ear of Han nationality in Tunpu, Guizhou province is longer in this study (20-22 years old). Both male and female Mongolian college students have longer ears than those in Northwestern India. Caucasian male appearance ear is longer than those in Mongolian young male college students' appearance ear.

Objective: To observe the effects of procyanidins on myocardial apoptosis and related protein expressions of caspase-3, Bcl-2 and Bax in experimental rats with ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury and to explore the possible mechanism. Methods: A total of 40 male SD rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups: Sham group, IR group, Low-dose procyanidin (50 mg?kg-1) group, and High-dose procyanidin (100 mg?kg-1) group. n=10 in each group and the rats were pre-treated by intra gastric drug administration once/day for 2 weeks, then left anterior descending artery (LAD) occlusion was conducted for 30 minutes followed by reperfusion for 120 minutes to establish IR model. Blood levels of CK-MB activity and myocardial infarction (MI) size were examined; protein expressions of caspase-3, Bcl-2 and Bax were determined by Western blot analysis; myocardial apoptotic index was measured by TUNEL method. Results: Compared with Sham group, IR group presented the higher CK-MB activity, enlarged MI size, increased index of apoptosis, elevated protein expressions of caspase-3 and Bax, while reduced protein expression of Bcl-2 and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax, P<0.05. Compared with IR group, both Low-dose and High-dose procyanidin groups had the lower CK-MB activity, smaller MI size, decreased index of apoptosis, reduced protein expressions of caspase-3 and Bax, while elevated protein expression of Bcl-2 and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax,P<0.05. Conclusion: Procyanidin could reduce myocardial apoptosis index in experimental IR rats, which might be related to decreased protein expressions of caspase-3 and Bax, increased protein expression of Bcl-2 and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax.

Objective:To examine the expression and function of thrombonspondin-1 (TSP-1) in oxygen-induced retinopathy in new-born mice, and to investigate its role in retinal neovascularization. Methods:A total of 40 C57BL/6J newborn mice were divided equally into a model group (n=20)andanormalcontrolgroup(n=20).Miceinthemodelgroupwereexposedto75%oxygentoestablish the oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model. On the 7th, 9th, and 11th day after the birth of mice, 5 mice were randomly selected each time from the 2 groups to examine the expression of TSP-1 mRNA with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). After that, 5 mice were selected on the 11th day to observe the retinal neovascularization by fluorescein angiography retinal flatmount. Results:On the 11th day, fluorescein angiography retinal flatmount showed that the retinal blood vessels presented mean network distribution in the normal control group, while in the model group, a lot of dilatated areas in the retinal main vessels surrounded the optic disc. Meanwhile lots of new blood vessels were found surrounding the optic disc with irregular distribution but well distributed peripherial retinal small vessels, which was typical of early stage OIR. There was no signiifcant difference in the retinal TSP-1 mRNA level between the model group and the normal control group in the postnatal 7-day mice (P>0.05). Compared with the normal control group, the expression of TSP-1 mRNA in the model group was signiifcantly lower in postnatal 9-day and 11-day mice (P<0.05, P<0.01) , and the expression of TSP-1 mRNA in postnatal 9-day mice was lower than that in the postnatal 11-day mice(P<0.05).
Conclusion:In the early stage of OIR model (retinal vascular growth and development stage), the expression of TSP-1 mRNA in the retinal tissue is gradually decreased, implying that TSP-1 (as a negative regulatory factor) may be involved in the formation of retinal neovascularization in the early stage.