Objective To investigate the current treatment of childhood bronchiolitis and wheezy bronchitis in the outpatient clinic.Methods The medication treatments of the children under 2 years old with bronchiolitis were retrospectively analyzed in the outpatient department of the Children's Hospital Affiliated to the Capital Institute of Pediatrics,during the 2 periods from November to December 2010 and July to August 2011.These children were divided into 3 groups according to age,1-6 months old group,＞ 6 months to 1 year old group and ＞ 1-2 year old group.The medications prescribed,including antibiotics,steroid,β2 agonists and anticholinergic drugs were analyzed.Results Altogether 6 198 patient visits were included.Among them,4 764 (76.86％) visits received antibiotics,4 078 (65.80％) visits received intravenous antibiotics,3 018 (48.69％) visits received systemic glucocorticoids,2 980 (48.08％) visits received intravenous steroid,3 400 (54.86％) visits received nebulization treatment,3 381 (54.55％) visits received nebulized steroid,3 417 (55.13％) visits received inhaled bronchodilators,among them,3 384 (99.03％) visits received combined nebulization of β2 agonists and anticholinergic drugs;and 826 (13.33％)visits received oral bronchodilators.In the 3 age groups,the older the age group the higher the oral bronchodilators prescription rate (6.77％,11.50％ and 18.77％,respectively).While the prescription rate of intravenous steroid,inhaled steroid and inhaled bronchodilators were lowest in the oldest(＞ 1-2 year old) group (43.65％,49.64％ and 50.00％,respectively).The average cost was 166.08 Yuan per visit,and 69.06％ was spend on drug cost.Conclusions There is a wide spread use of antibiotics,glucosteroids and bronchodilators in the treatment of bronchiolitis and wheezy bronchitis.There is a need for national guideline of bronchiolitis to standardize the management of childhood bronchiolitis in outpatient clinic.

The prescription of antibiotics for children with upper respiratory infections (URIs) in outpatient department of our hospital from November to December 2010 and from July to August 2011 were retrospectively analyzed.In 37 211 patient visits (prescriptions) with suppurative tonsillitis,laryngitis and other URIs,the antibiotic prescription rates were 90.45％ (3 626/4 009),78.77％ (2 642/3 354)and 52.25％ (15 596/29 848),respectively;the intravenous antibiotics rates were 78.22％ (3 136/4 009),60.58％ (2 032/3 354) and 16.47％ (4 915/29 848),respectively for above three conditions.For suppurative tonsillitis,the 3rd generation cephalosporins were the most commonly prescribed antibiotics (orally:51.07％,715/1 400) and(intravenously:54.88％,1 721/3 136),followed by the 2nd and first generation cephalosporins and macrolides.For laryngitis and other URIs,the 2nd generation cephalosporins were most frequently prescribed(orally:48.78％,538/1 103 and 39.16％,4 433/11 320,respectively) and (intravenously:54.38％,1 105/2 032 and 42.75％,2 101/4 915,respectively),followed by macrolides,3rd generation cephalosporins and first generation cephalosporins.No intravenous penicillin were prescribed.Oral penicillin were prescribed for 0-0.22％ of these children.The results indicate that antibiotics prescription rates are high for children with upper respiratory infections,particularly the prescription of broad spectrum antibiotics and intravenous antibiotics,while penicillin is seldom prescribed.

Objective To understand the air microorganisms pollution and the community structure and distribution characteristics of outdoor airborne microbes in Xi'an in autumn.Methods Airborne microbes were sampled by fallen plates method in autumn,2006 in Xi'an at three typical sites,factories region,garden greenbelt region and main traffic region.Results The results showed that the total concentration of airborne microbes at the factories region and garden greenbelt region,main traffic region was 2 500 cfu/m~3,1 354 cfu/m~3 and 4 404 cfu/m~3 respectively.Bacteria and fungal genus were predominant.Gram positive bacteria were much more than Gram negative bacteria.There were 20 genera of bacteria and 8 fungal genus were detected. Micrococcui,Bacillus,Staphylococcus and Pseudornonus were predominant.The most frequently isolated fungal genus were Penicillium,Paecilomces,Cladosporium and Nonsporulatiny mycelia.The community structure of airborne fungal genus and the dominant genus in different function region was significantly different.The distribution characteristic of airborne microbe concentration in different function region was different.The concentration of airborne bacteria was significantly lower in garden greenbelt region than factories region and main traffic region,whereas the concentration of airborne fungi in garden greenbelt region was higher than that in factories region and main traffic region.Conclusion The distribution of the airbome microbes shows a characteristic of time and space,it is affected not only by the environment and pollution,but also by the other factors such as human activities,animals and plants.

Objective To examine the characteristics of affective intensity and cognitive emotion regulation in subjects with borderline personality disorder ( BPD) . Methods The BPD subscale of personal-ity disorder questionnaire( PDQ-4+) was used to assess the BPD symptoms,the short affective intensity scale (SAIS) and cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ) were used to measure affect intensity and cognitive emotion regulation strategy,respectively. 765 subjects with BPD and 776 healthy controls were se-lected. The independent-samples t test was used to analyze the differences between BPD group and controls and logistic regression analysis was used to examine the related factors affecting the BPD. Results Com-pared with the control group(negative intensity:(3.08±0.66),negative coping dimension:(37.20±5.94), BPD group got higher scores in negative intensity((3.88±0.74), t=22.29, P<0.01,Cohen''s d>0.8)and negative coping dimension((44.77±6.36), t=24.16, P<0.01,Cohen''s d>0.8). The logistic regression anal-ysis showed that negative intensity(B=1.38,Exp(B)=3.97,95%CI for EXP(B):3.15~5.00, P<0.01) and negative cognitive regulations strategy(B=0.19,Exp(B)=1.21,95% CI:1.18-1.25, P<0.01) could affect the prevalence of BPD. Conclusion Subjects with BPD traits have more significant negative affective inten-sity and tend to use negative cognitive regulations strategy.

Microbial metabolomics is a subject that chiefly studying all the low molecular weight metabolites in an organism or cells during their growing process. The progress of analytical technology promotes microbial metabolomics to make advancement. In this paper, the commonly used analytical technology, sample preparation and its application were discussed and the prospects of the analytical methods were also discussed.

OBJECTIVETo explore the therapeutic effects of internal fixation with Herbert screws for the treatment of Pipkin type I and type II femoral head fractures.

METHODSFrom January 2008 to December 2012, 23 patients with Pipkin type I and type II femoral head fractures were treated with open reduction and internal fixation by Herbert screws through Kocher-Langenbeck approach. Twenty-three patients (aged 18 to 52 years with a mean of 35.5 years, including 18 males and 5 females patients, 8 left hips and 15 right hips) with femoral head fractures and posterior hip dislocation. The fracture was classified according to Pipkin classification based on the radiographic findings, 5 patients had type I and 18 had type II fractures. The duration time from admission to the operation ranged from 6 to 72 h (averaged 32 h). The clinical and radiographic outcomes of the patients were measured using Thompson-Epstein scoring scale. The Harris hip score(HHS) was used to evaluate and compare hip functions at the latest follow-up between affected and healthy sides.

RESULTSAll the patients were followed up, and the duration ranged from 20 to 48 months (averaged 30 months). According to Thompson-Epstein system, 12 patients got an excellent result, 6 good, 4 fair and 1 poor. The average HHS at the finial follow-up was 87.80 ± 8.46 (ranged from 66 to 95), which is similar to that in the healthy side 90.10 ± 6.35 (ranged from 72 to 98) (t = 1.044, P = 0.302). The complications such as deep infection, and deep vein thrombosis were not found. At the 3rd year during follow-up,4 patients had avascular necrosis of femoral head. At the 1st year of follow-up, 1 patient had hip pain after walking,screws loosening and shift after trauma,and serious complications of traumatic arthritis. All the 5 patients were treated with total hip arthroplasties.

CONCLUSIONThe treatment of internal fixation with Herbert screws through the Kocher-Langenbeck approach is effective for Pipkin type I and type II femoral head fracture. The method is reliable and valuable for recommendation. However, such fracture may have avascular necrosis of femoral head and complication of traumatic arthritis, which should be observed carefully in clinic with preparation of the prevention and treatment measures.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Bone Screws ; Female ; Femoral Neck Fractures ; surgery ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; adverse effects ; methods ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged

Objective To explore exenatide in the treatment of metformin(MET)alone,sulfonylurea (SU)alone or MET + SU combination therapy with poor glycemic control in type 2 diabetic pa-tients and to find effective nursing measures.Methods 24 patients were randomly divided into the con-trol group and the exenatide group with 12 patients in each group.In the exenatide group,exenatide 5μg twice a day for 4weeks,then 10μg twice a day for 12 weeks.Changes of HbAlc,body weight,BMI,FBG,P2hBG,and rate of adverse reaction were compared between two groups.Results Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc),body weight,BMI,FBG,P2hBG in the control group before and after treatment showed no significant difference,while the exenatide group showed better results compared with those before treatment and the control group.Nursing intervention played evident effect on reducing adverse effect such as nausea,vomiting,diarrhea,low blood sugar,headache.Conclusions For patients with type 2 diabetes,using MET,SU alone or MET + SU combination therapy showed poor results of blood sugar control,addition of exenatide therapy can effectively control blood sugar,nursing intervention can significantly alleviate the adverse effects of patients.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Brain Diseases ; chemically induced ; therapy ; Ethylene Dichlorides ; poisoning ; Female ; Humans ; Male

Treatment based on syndrome differentiation is an essential feature of traditional Chinese medical diagnosis. The interventions based on changes of syndrome types in randomized controlled trials are complicated, leading to the difficulty of blind method enforcement. This article described a double-blind method. It could be used in randomized controlled trials under the condition of different syndrome types and different medications. It numbered drugs in two stages, and in two phases to achieve double-blind. This method not only guaranteed investigators and subjects to be in blinded conditions, but also achieved using different medications for patients of different syndromes. It also caused no drug waste. It was scientific and feasible.
Double-Blind Method ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Single-Blind Method

Membrane proteins are the main undertakers of biofilm function, and also the most important target group for innovative drug discovery and research. About 60% of drugs targets are membrane proteins. Due to the obvious aggregation and denaturation tendency of membrane proteins in aqueous solution, it is difficult to simulate the membrane like environment to maintain the correct conformation of membrane proteins in vitro, which results in the slower-growing research on the structure and function of membrane proteins and related ligand drugs than that of water-soluble proteins. Membrane protein stabilization technology is the premise of establishing high specificity, high sensitivity and high throughput drug screening methods for membrane protein ligands, which is of great significance. In this paper, some techniques for stable separation and purification of membrane proteins are reviewed, including detergents, artificial membranes, polymers, lentiviral particles and so on, as well as their specific applications in drug screening.