The annual incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) continually increases. New PCa immune therapy has become the fourth line antitumor treatment following surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. As the most promising research direction in cancer immunotherapy,immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as programmed cell death-1 and programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitors, block PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1 and then terminate the negative control signal to the T cell, thereby facilitating T cell recovery and reversal of tumor immune-escaping mechanism. These processes restore the capability of T cells for immune response and inhibit and kill tumor cells. This review summarizes the progress on the current application of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in PCa clinical trials.

Thyroglobulin antibody (TGA) production in vitro by cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) was measured by ELISA technique. PBMC from patients with AITD could synthesize and secret detectable amount of TGA. The average positive rate of TGA production in vitro was 31.25%. PBMC from the patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) could produce TGA more easily than that from the patients with Graves'disease (GD). The average positive rate was 44.19% in HT and 16.22% in GD. Pokeweed mitogen could increase TGA production, but soluable thyroglobulin could not stimulate TGA synthesis and secretion. Antithyroid drug methi-mazole had some inhibition effect on TGA production in vitro. A significant positive correlation between the serum TGA and the amount of TGA produced in vitro by PBMC from HT patients (r = 0.4, P

Lithium(Li) salt is. a kind of effective drug commonly used in the treatment and prevention of mental disorders, but its active mechanism is still not well understood. Getting on for twenty years, many research have been reported on relationship between Li salt and second messenger system, especially the effect of Li salt on adenylate cyclase. Identical result is not obtained and there are few reports on brain calmodulin (CaM) activity change by Li salt. The aim of present expcri- ment is to determine the content of CaM in raet brain by phosphodiesterase (PED) method after chronic application of Li salt and discuss preliminary the molecular mechanism of Li salt action. The result showed that marked change has happened in the content of CaM in rat brain after chronic application of Li salt. It is ins-plied that Li salt brings its action into play probably by changing the content of CaM in rat brain

Congenital hydronephrosis is the main cause of childhood chronic renal disease and renal failure,which is also one of the most common anomalies in pediatric urology division.Although the operation is performed to treat obstruction,the renal function of patients get worse and worse,postoperatively.Up to date,there are lots of controversies in evaluation of hydronephrosis and treatment at prenatal and postnatal.According to recent articles,the recent examinations,evaluation system,follow-up and treatment strategies of hydronephrosis are introduced.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the improvement effects of sitagliptin on islet B-cell function in type 2 diabetic patients systematically,and to provide evidenced-based reference. METHODS:Retrieved from PubMed,Cochrane library,EMBase, CJFD,Wanfang database,VIP and CBM,RCTs about sitagliptin alone or combined with routine plan(trial group)vs. placbo alone or combined with routine plan(control group)in the treatment of type 2 diabetes were collected. Two reviewers independent-ly screened studies according to exclusion and inclusion criteria,extracted data,and assessed the methodological quality according to Cochrane Manual 5.1.0. Meta-analysis was performed by using RevMan 5.3 software. RESULTS:A total of 5 RCTs were includ-ed,involving 1253 patients. The result of Meta-analysis showed that changes of islet B cell function index(Homa-B)[sitagliptin alone group:MD=9.21,95%CI(4.16,14.25),P<0.001;drug combination group:MD=7.24,95%CI(0.80,13.68),P=0.03] and changes of insulin resistance index(Homa-IR)[sitagliptin alone group:MD=-0.40,95%CI(-0.44,-0.36),P<0.001;drug combination group:MD=-0.35,95%CI(-0.63,-0.07),P=0.02] of trial group were significantly better than those of control group,with statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS:Sitagliptin shows certain therapeutic efficacy in improving islet B cell func-tion and insulin resistance.

Diagnosis, Differential ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Hepatitis B ; complications ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis ; drug therapy ; etiology ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Phytotherapy

ObjectiveTo investigate the feasibility of apphcation of risk factors management in nursing of the fever outpatient.Methods145 patients from May to December 2009 admitted to fever clinic was defined as the control group, 157 patients from January to May 2010 admitted to fever clinic were set as the observation group. The control group was given routine nursing, while the observation group adopted risk factor management measures. The management indices of the two groups were compared.ResultsThe patients' recognition score of risk factors of fever clinic was (85.4 ± 2.7)in the observation group, higher than(73.2 ± 3.9)in the control group. Patients' satisfaction degree was 84.7％ in the observation group, higher than 67.6％ in the control group. Rate of risk event of the observation group was 1.3％, lower than 6.2％ in the control group, the incidence of nursing errors was 0.6％ in the observation group, lower than 4.1％ in the control group, rate of patients' complaints of nurses was 1.3％ in the observation group, lower than 5.5％ in the control group.ConclusionsThe implementation of risk factors management in fever clinics can reduce medical accidents, improve nursing quality, so this clinical management mode deserves promotion and application.

Objective To investigate the effect of nursing intervention on preventing leakage of urine in patients with indwelling catheter in neurology department.Methods A total of 76 patients with indwelling catheter in neurology department were randomly assigned into the observation group and the control group with 38 cases in each group.The control group received routine care,the observation group received systemic nursing intervention on the basis of routine care.The incidence of leakage of urine and patients satisfaction degree with nursing service was observed between two groups.Results The incidence of leakage of urine in the control group was 21.1％,higher than 2.6％ of the observation group.he score of satisfaction degree of the observation group was (4.66±0.62),higher than(3.26±0.42) of the control group.Conclusions Nursing intervention can effectively reduce the incidence of leakage of urine and improve the satisfaction degree of patients with indwelling catheter in neurology department,it is worthy of clinical application.

Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is a cognitive impairment caused by cerebrovascular disease and its risk factors,its mechanism is very complex Recent studies have shown that cerebral microbleed (CMB) is correlated with VCI.This article reviews the relationship between CMB and VCI.

Objective To elucidate the significance of CYFRA21-1 and β2-microglobulin expression in pleural fluid and develop diagnostic application for malignant pleural effusion differentiation. Methods Detected expression of CYFRA21-1 by RIA analysis and β2-MG by immunoturbidimetry assay (ITA), in 40 cases of benign pleural effusion and 40 cases of malignant pleural effusion. Results The mean level of CYFRA21-1 in malignant pleural effusions was (78.80±24.90)μg/L higher than that in benign pleural effusions (26.20±15.60)μg/L (P<0.05) and β2-MG in benign pleural effusions was (6.11±0.87)mg/L, significantly higher than that in malignant pleural effusions which was (3.12±0.91)mg/L respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion Evaluation of CYFRA21-1 and β2-MG in chest fluid can improve the differential diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion from benign pleural effusion and significantly increase the sensitivity of diagnosis.