Objective To compare the two ways of twice irradiation on the rabbit liver VX2 tumor using high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU).Methods Totally 45 tumor-bearing rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups:group A(one-time irradiation group) received a one-time ablation;group B and C(twice irradiation group) firstly received a low-dose irradiation(without ablation),then group B received ablation on the next day while group C received it 2 days later.Results Compared with one-time irradiation group,the total treatment time of twice irradiation group was not significantly different,but the time of each irradiation,the incidence of skin erythema and the energy efficiency factor(EEF)were less,and that of group B were the least.After ablation,the typical coagulation necrosis in tumor tissues occurred,and the recurrence and metastasis were effectively controlled in all the three groups.Conclusion The total treatment time and efficacy of twice irradiation were same as one-time ablation,but the time and dose of each irradiation significantly decreased,the damage efficiency was enhanced and the complications were reduced.The way of continuous two-days twice irradiation was the most effective,which would be a safe and effective method of HIFU treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To establish a 15-plex rapid STR multiplex amplification system. METHODS: Fourteen auto-chromosome loci and one sex-chromosome were selected to compare the situations of allelic losses and nonspecific amplication under different conditions. FastStart Taq DNA polymerase and DNA standard sample 9947A were used during amplification and optimization process.15-plex rapid STR amplification system was achieved by performing various experiments including selection of amplification conditions and the volume of DNA polymerase, adjustment of inter-locus balance, optimization of rapid amplification, screening of reaction buffers, selection of reaction volume, and a variety of additives. RESULTS: Using 10 μL rapid PCR system, including 1 ng DNA templates, 0.4 μL polymerase and 10xFastStart high fidelity reaction buffer, a complete and well-balance DNA profile of 15 STR loci for standard genomic DNA was obtained in 32 minutes, without the allele drop-out and non-specific amplicons. Meanwhile, 5% glycerinum, 0.01% gelatin, 0.05% gelatin and 5 mmol/L ammonium sulfate could be used as the reactive additive during the amplification procedure. CONCLUSION The 15-plex rapid STR multiplex amplification system can be used to decrease reaction time and enhance sample throughput.
Alleles ; Chromosome Mapping ; DNA/genetics* ; DNA Fingerprinting/methods* ; Forensic Genetics/methods* ; Humans ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods* ; Racial Groups/genetics* ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Tandem Repeat Sequences

OBJECTIVETo compare clinical therapeutic effects of abdominal acupuncture and traditional acupuncture on cervical spondylosis (CS).

METHODSSixty-two cases of neck or nerve-root type CS were randomly divided into an observation group (n=32) treated by abdominal acupuncture at Zhongwan (CV 12), Guanyuan (CV 4) and others, and a control group (n=30) treated by traditional acupuncture at Fengchi (GB 20) and cervical Jiaji (EX-B 2), etc.. Simplified McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) and clinical therapeutic effects were served as the objective indexes. Their clinical therapeutic effects were compared after the first session of treatment, at the end of therapeutic course and 3 months after the end of treatment.

RESULTSThe two groups had a same effective rate of 100.0%. All items of MPQ in these two groups after treatment and 3 months after the end of treatment significantly improved, and in the observation group the differences in the PRI feeling score before and after the first treatment, and the difference of the total PRI scores after the first treatment, at the end of therapeutic course and 3 months after the end of treatment significantly improved as compared with the control group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONAbdominal acupuncture can better reduce the pain of the patient caused by CS, with transient pain-alleviating effect, but whether or not the clinical therapeutic effect of abdominal acupuncture is better than the traditional acupuncture still can not be proved.

Abdomen ; Acupuncture Therapy ; methods ; Adult ; Aged ; Cervical Vertebrae ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Middle Aged ; Spinal Osteophytosis ; therapy

Objective To construct a risk assessment tool framework for surgical wound infection(SWI). Methods The assessment system was constructed by referring to expert interviews, relevant domestic and foreign literatures, and the latest SW1 guidelines. After two rounds of Delphi expert consultation, the assessment items were drawn up, selected and modified, and the initial scale was established. Results The positive coefficients of two rounds of expert Delphi methods were 84％ and 100％ respectively; expert personal authority coefficient were both ＞75％, the all expert authority coefficient was 0.86; two rounds of Kendall's W coefficients were 0. 450 and 0. 441 respectively (all P く0. 05). The recommendations of two rounds of experts were 26 and 5 items respectively. The final assessment system indexes included 4 first-level indicators, 10 second-level indicators, and 27 third-level indicators. Conclusion The risk assessment tool framework for SWI is preliminarily established, which can provide a scientific basis for the effective evaluation of the risk of postoperative SWI.

OBJECTIVETo explore the changes of CD(14)(+) monocyte human leucocyte antigen DR (HLA-DR) and their relationship with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in severe sepsis.

METHODSNinety-one patients with a definite diagnosis of severe sepsis in the intensive care unit (ICU) were included. CD(14)(+) monocyte HLA-DR levels were detected by flow cytometry on the first, 4th and 7th days of the study, and Marshall scores and prognosis on day 28 were evaluated.

RESULTSThirty-four patients died within 28 days following the onset with a mortality rate of 37.4%. Persistently lowered levels of HLA-DR were detected and significantly increased Marshall scores were found in the fatal cases at all the time points (P<0.001). In the surviving patients, the levels of HLA-DR were significantly increased (P<0.01) and Marshall scores were gradually decreased (P<0.001). During the observation period, the levels of HLA-DR decreased significantly as the number of dysfunctional organs and Marshall scores increased (P<0.001). The levels of HLA-DR were significantly increased in severe sepsis patients with 2-4 dysfunctional organs and Marshall score of 5-12 (P<0.05 or P<0.001). No changes in HLA-DR levels in severe sepsis patients with 5-6 dysfunctional organs and Marshall scores of 13-22. The levels of HLA-DR showed a significant inverse correlation to Marshall scores (r=-0.368, P<0.001).

CONCLUSIONIn patients with severe sepsis, persistent low CD(14)(+) monocyte HLA-DR levels predicts high mortality. The levels of HLA-DR are significantly correlated to the severity of organ dysfunction.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; HLA-DR Antigens ; metabolism ; Humans ; Lipopolysaccharide Receptors ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Monocytes ; immunology ; metabolism ; Multiple Organ Failure ; pathology ; Sepsis ; immunology ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo analyze the direct and indirect outcomes of influencing factors on smoking behaviors among adolescents.

METHODSSelf-administered questionnaires were used to collect smoking-related information from 2021 respondents. Measurement models were built by confirmatory factor analysis and parameters were estimated by ERLS method. The final structural equation model was determined by comprehensive evaluation and necessary modification.

RESULTSThree latent variables were extracted from 10 manifest variables of environment, while only one latent variable was identified from 9 manifest variables of attitudes. The goodness of fit for the structural equation model was satisfactory that all indices had met corresponding requirements. The final model could explain 38.8% of the variance of smoking behaviors. Four factors (smoking environment, smoking restriction from parents and teachers, determination of cigarette refusal and attitudes toward smoking) were directly affecting the smoking behaviors, while another three factors (grade, health knowledge and school environment) had indirect impacts. According to the percentages of their contribution, the risk factors were ranked as follows: smoking environment (45.76%), attitudes toward smoking (19.88%) and grade at school (0.44%). Similarly, the top protective factor were: determination of cigarette refusal (16.61%), followed by smoking restriction from parents and teachers (10.51%), health knowledge (3.89%) and school environment (2.92%).

CONCLUSIONSHeath knowledge had minor effect on smoking in adolescents but could indirectly affect their smoking behaviors through changing their belief. Grade at school had a doubled influence on smoking, but mainly served as a risk factor. Tobacco control measures for adolescents should not only be limited to health education but environment factors as well.

Adolescent ; Adolescent Behavior ; China ; Humans ; Male ; Smoking ; psychology ; Students

OBJECTIVETo study the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype in 5 cities of Fujian province and the clinical implications of distinct genotypes in HBV-related liver diseases.

METHODSHBV genotype was determined by the restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis in patients with chronic HBV infection in 5 cities of Fujian province. The relationship between HBV genotype and its clinical implications was studied by multinomal logistic regression and correspondence analysis.

RESULTSOf the 431 HBV DNA positive patients detected by PCR, 275 (63.8%) belonged to HBV genotype B, 100 (23.2%) to genotype C, 51 (11.8%) to genotype D and D-mixed genotype. Genotype A, E and F were not found. Multinomal logistic regression showed that genotype B was more prevalent in Quanzhou and Sanming cities than in Fuzhou (P = 0.002, P = 0.006), and genotype B appeared significantly more common in asymptomatic carriers (ASC), chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and severe hepatitis (SH). Genotype C was most prevalent in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) (47.0%) than in those with ASC (14.5%) and SH (14.7%) (P = 0.009, P < 0.001). The positive rate of hepatitis B e antigen was higher in patients with genotype C than in those with genotype B and genotype D (56.0% vs. 52.4%, P = 0.008, and 56.0% vs. 30.8%, P = 0.051, respectively). By correspondence analysis, genotype D and D-mixed genotype seemed to be correlated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

CONCLUSIONS(1) The major popular genotypes of HBV were B, C and D in Fujian. (2) Data of our study suggested that the geographic distribution of genotype B and C might be different in some cities of Fujian. (3) Genotype B might have a tendency to lead to SH in younger patients with chronic hepatitis B and the development of LC might be associated with genotype C among the elder patients. (4) Genotype D appeared to associate with development of HCC, which called for further study to confirm.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; Hepatitis B ; virology ; Hepatitis B virus ; genetics ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multivariate Analysis ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length

OBJECTIVE: To study the sleeping time and its correlative factors in 2k12 year-old children in Changsha. METHODS: A cluster sample with 3 756 children was randomly selected from Changsha, whose parents or care persons were interviewed with questionnaires about children's sleeping status from June 2006 to April 2007 by trained medical staff. One person was responsible for a questionnaire for one child. RESULTS: Two to twelve year-old children slept 10.60 hours a day. The average sleeping time every day was 12.26, 11.57, 11.33, 11.26, 10.95, 10.64, 10.62, 10.45, 10.28, 9.83, and 9.61 hours from 2 to 12 year-old children. The sleeping time in one day in each age group was different obviously but the same for boys and girls. The main factors that affected the sleeping time of children were: child's age, having pets or not, child's fixed pattern of sleeping time, methods of falling asleep, diet regulation, asthma, the mother's age, number of child delivery of mother, and mother's sleeping time. CONCLUSION Sleeping time in a day decreases with the age increase in 2k12 year-old children. Many factors affected sleeping time of children, including the child's age, habits and environmental factors, diets, diseases, and mothers' conditions.
Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Female ; Habits ; Humans ; Male ; Mother-Child Relations ; Sleep ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Time

OBJECTIVETo review the outcome of repeated percutaneous sperm aspiration (PESA) and testicular sperm extraction (TESE) for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).

METHODSForty-three cycles of 31 cases of azoospermic patients which underwent at least two PESA or TESE for ICSI from January 2001 to December 2002 were collected. The sperm retrieval, fertilization, implantation and clinical pregnancy were analyzed.

RESULTSTwenty-four cases underwent PESA and 7 cases underwent TESE. There were not any complications in these patients. Compared with the first cycle of 154 cases, the fertilization rate, implantation rate and clinical pregnancy rate were 78.39% vs 73.64%, 19.68% vs 18.38% and 34.88% vs 37.91%, respectively(P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSRepeated PESA or TESE is safe and well tolerated in azoospermic patients. Compared with the first cycle, the differences of repeated PESA or TESE cycles in fertilization rate, implantation rate and clinical pregnancy rate were not statistically significant.

Adult ; Azoospermia ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Pregnancy Rate ; Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic ; methods ; Tissue and Organ Harvesting ; methods

OBJECTIVETo identify the origin of human small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMCs) using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) combined with G-banding karyotype analysis, and to discuss their mechanisms of formation and research value.

METHODSCep-FISH and SubcenM-FISH were used to analyze sSMCs in 3 patients for whom the result of G-banding was 47,XN,+mar.

RESULTSThe FISH result of case 1 was 47,XY,+mar.ish inv dup(22)(q11.1)(D22Z4++,D14/22Z1+, RP11-172D7-). The marker has formed exclusively by heterochromatin. A boy was delivered later with no apparent clinical abnormalities. The FISH result of case 2 was 47,XX,+mar.ish r(10)(p11.2q11.2) (cep10+, RP11-232C13+, RP11-178A10+)[25]/46,XX[10]. The marker has formed by heterochromatin and nearby centromere. A girl was delivered later with no clinical abnormalities. The FISH result of case 3 was 47,XY,+mar.ish inv dup(22)(q11.1)(D22Z4+,D14/22Z1+). The marker has also formed exclusively by euchromatin. Fetal abnormalities were detected by type B ultrasonography, but were not necessarily related with the marker.

CONCLUSIONThe diversity of sSMCs has posed a great challenge for prenatal diagnosis. Identification of sSMCs will require combined karyotype analysis and FISH or other molecular techniques such as microarray based comparative genomic hybridization or sequencing. For its specific structure, the sSMCs may also provide a valuable tool for gene mapping, heterochromatin research and gene therapy.

Chromosome Aberrations ; classification ; Chromosome Banding ; Female ; Genetic Markers ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Karyotyping ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Diagnosis