Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides ( LPS) , major component of out wall in Gram-negative bacteria. Often they are considered as "prime criminals" of triggering systemic inflaming reaction such as sepsis, bacteremia and so on. It was found in recent years that bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein, a 55kDa member of lipid-related protein family, was a kind of natural molecule of anti-infection and it has special endotoxin-neutralising activity and antibacterial activity. Comprehensive phase II/III clinical trials demonstrated the feasibility and safety of recombinant BPI. So pharmaceutical corporations are attracted to try to apply it to therapy.

Objective To explore the best vibration frequency for activating human muscles.Methods Nineteen healthy college students accepted vibration stimulation at frequencies between 10 and 50 Hz.Surface electromyograms (sEMG) were recorded.The subjects were sitting,standing,squatting (knee flexion 30°) and recumbent.Their left anterior tibial muscles and the medial heads of the gastrocnemius were targeted as test muscles.The vibration stimulation point was on the surface of the left distal tibia.The sEMG characteristics of the calf muscles were analyzed under vibration stimulation at different frequencies. ResultsThe leg muscles were activated significantly at all vibration frequencies,but the sEMG values of the anterior tibialis were significantly different at different frequencies,except for among 30 Hz,40 Hz and 50 Hz in any position.The gastrocnemius sEMG values were not significantly different at different frequencies. ConclusionVibration at 30 to 50Hz may be the normal human muscle activation frequency.

Objective To explore exenatide in the treatment of metformin(MET)alone,sulfonylurea (SU)alone or MET + SU combination therapy with poor glycemic control in type 2 diabetic pa-tients and to find effective nursing measures.Methods 24 patients were randomly divided into the con-trol group and the exenatide group with 12 patients in each group.In the exenatide group,exenatide 5μg twice a day for 4weeks,then 10μg twice a day for 12 weeks.Changes of HbAlc,body weight,BMI,FBG,P2hBG,and rate of adverse reaction were compared between two groups.Results Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc),body weight,BMI,FBG,P2hBG in the control group before and after treatment showed no significant difference,while the exenatide group showed better results compared with those before treatment and the control group.Nursing intervention played evident effect on reducing adverse effect such as nausea,vomiting,diarrhea,low blood sugar,headache.Conclusions For patients with type 2 diabetes,using MET,SU alone or MET + SU combination therapy showed poor results of blood sugar control,addition of exenatide therapy can effectively control blood sugar,nursing intervention can significantly alleviate the adverse effects of patients.

Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis ; immunology

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the improving effect of phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGCs) from Tibetan medicine Phlomis younghusbandii on rats with acute high-altitude cerebral edema. METHODS:60 Wistar rats were randomly divided into a normoxia control group (isometric sterile water for injection),a hypoxia model group (isometric sterile water for injection),a dexamethasone group(4 mg/kg),and three groups of PhGCs at high(400 mg/kg),middle(200 mg/kg)and low(50 mg/kg)dos-es,with 10 rats in each group. The rats were given drugs,ig,6 d before the establishment of models. On the 4th day of administra-tion,ig,the rats in all groups except the normoxia blank group were placed in a simulated 8 000 m altitude plateau environment for 72 h hypoxic exposure to establish the rat models of high-altitude cerebral edema. Following HE stain,the pathological changes in rats’brain tissues were observed under the light microscope. Dry-wet proportion method was used to determine the water con-tents in rats’brain. The content of MDA and the activities of SOD and GSH in rats’brain tissues were detected. Enzyme-linked im-munosorbent assay was adopted to determine the contents of IL-1β and TNF-α in rats’serum and brain tissues. RESULTS:Com-pared to the rats in the normoxia control group,those in the hypoxia model group showed obvious brain edema,and thickened lacu-nas around cells and vessels and inflammatory cell infiltration, higher water contents and MDA and weaker activities of SOD and GSH in brain,and higher contents of IL-1β and TNF-α in serum and brain tissues. There were statistically significances (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Compared to the rats in the hypoxia model group,those in the groups of PhGCs at high,middleand low dosages demonstrated less inflammatory cell infiltration and lower water contents in brain tissues,in which the groups of PhGCs at high and middle dosages demonstrated lower content of MDA and stronger activities of SOD and GSH in brain tissues, and lower contents of IL-1β and TNF-α in serum and brain tissues. There were statistically significances (P<0.01 or P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:PhGCs can obviously alleviate the acute cerebral injury in rats which is caused by acute hypoxia and has im-provement effect to some degree on the rats with acute high-altitude cerebral edema.

Objective To explore the growth and developmental parameters and behavioral characteristics of rhesus monkeys during the first year of birth and to establish the background data.Methods A total of 18 (♂=11,♀=7 ) infant rhesus monkeys born from individually caged mothers and with known genetic background and postnatal days were monitored monthly for body weight, body height, head circumference, chest circumference, forelimb length, hind limb length, crown-rump length, tail length and anal-genital distance from postnatal day ( PND) 1 to 360, while hematology, blood chemistry and lymphocyte subsets were examined on PND 28, 175 and 360, and finger maze test was carried out on PND 208.Results The body weight showed linear growth with no significant difference between genders (P>0.05). Except for the anal-genital distance of male infants was significantly greater than that of female infants ( P<0.01 ) , no significant differences were observed between sexes in other morphological parameters.No significant differences of hematology were seen between genders (P >0.05).Compared with that at PND28, TP and BUN were significantly increased (P<0.01) while ALP decreased with no significant difference (P>0.05) at PND 175 and 360.Compared with that at PND28, CD4 +and CD4 +/CD8 +were significantly decreased ( P<0.01) while CD8+significantly increased ( P<0.01) at PND175 and 360.The number of sessions to solve task 2 in learning test was significantly greater than other tasks with females significantly less than males ( P<0.05) .The females had higher correct rate than males in the 2-day random memory test (P<0.05).Conclusions Body weight and morphological parameters show a linear growth.The PND.The RBC, HGB, LYMPH, TP, BUN, ALP, CD4 +, CD8 +and CD4 +/CD8+in hematology, blood chemistry and lymphocyte subsets show relevant changes to the growth and development of organs and systems in infants, which should be highly concerned in drug evaluation.The finger maze test indicates that female infants have better reversal learning and long-term memory than male infants.Background data and behavioral characteristics of infant rhesus monkeys during the first 12 months of birth are established in this study, which provide useful reference and support the evaluation of developmental and reproductive toxicity of drugs in rhesus monkeys.

OBJECTIVETo assess the clinical effect of integrative Chinese and Western medicine in treating nontumorous vulval intraepithelial lesion (NIEL).

METHODSOne hundred patients of NIEL, with their diagnosis confirmed by pathologic examination, were equally assigned to two groups randomly, the treatment group and the control group. The treatment group was treated by Chinese recipe consisting of herbs for nourishing Gan-Shen, it was decocted for 3 times, the foregoing two decoctions for oral intake, and the latter one (500 mL) for hip bathing 5-10 min every night before sleep. Besides, the self-formulated preparation Jingan oil (composed of aureomycin and glycerine, etc. ), was locally applied twice every day. The control group was treated only by local applying of Jingan oil and a 5-10 min hip bathing with warm water every night. The course for both groups was 2 months. Efficacy of the treatment was assessed at the end of the therapeutic course and after a 2-month follow-up, depending on the changes of local lesion degree, vulval symptoms as pain and itching, estrogen and progestin receptors in the lesion, and the scores of symptoms.

RESULTSThe total clinical effective rate was 94% (47/50) in the treatment group and 66% (33/50) in the control group. The severity of local lesion degree, symptoms of pain and itching and the scores of symptoms were significantly improved in both groups, as compared with those before treatment (all P <0.01). However, comparison between groups showed that the improvement was better in the treatment group. The positive rates of estrogen and progestin receptors in the local lesions of the two groups showed insignificantly statistical difference.

CONCLUSIONThe integrative medical treatment can effectively alleviate the NIEL and improve the relevant clinical symptoms.

Adult ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Epithelium ; drug effects ; Female ; Humans ; Integrative Medicine ; Middle Aged ; Treatment Outcome ; Vulvar Diseases ; drug therapy ; pathology

This study aimed to analyze the etiology of the encephalitis outbreak in Longyan, Fujian Province, China in 2010, in order to provide valuable information for this prevention and control of this disease. Pathogens were confirmed from cerebrospinal fluid samples with fluorescent RT-PCR, virus isolation (RD cells), and neutralization tests. Then, the VP1 fragments or whole genome nucleotide sequences were determined for four virus strains using PCR. Homology was assessed using the MegAlign software, and a phylogenetic evolutionary tree was drawn using Mega 4.0 software. The results confirmed that the etiology of the outbreak was the ECHO6 intestinal virus, and the nucleotide sequence of the VP1 segment indicated that the C2 subtype was responsible. The genome sequence consisted of 7407 nucleotides, and resembled the genome of other ECHO and CoxB viruses with homology levels of 78.5%-87.3%. The encephalitis outbreak in Longyan in 2010 was caused by the ECHO6 C2 subtype intestinal virus, and its complete genome sequence length is similar to the standard strain (U16283) with a sequence homology of 80.4%.
Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Echovirus 6, Human ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Echovirus Infections ; epidemiology ; virology ; Encephalitis ; epidemiology ; virology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny

Background Experimental data have shown tnat polymorpnisms in tne angiotensm-converting en- zyme 2(ACE2)gene are related to echocardiographically determined parameters of left ventricular mass,structure or function in the general population whether ACE2 genotype influences the effect of angi0tensin Ⅱ receptor blocker which improve left ventricular remodeling and function is unknown.Objective To investigate the association be- tween ACE2 gene G9570A polymorphism and the effect of irbesartan on left ventricular structure and function in hy- pertensive patients.Methods Two hundred and five male patients and 190 female patients who were preliminaryly diagnosised with mild and moderate essential hypertension were treated with irbesartan for 48 weeks with initial dose of 150 mg/d and titrated to 300 mg/d to reach the targed BP.Gene polymorphisms of ACE2 G9570A were detected by PCR-RFLP methods.The association between changes in the SBP,DBP,parameters of left ventricular struc- ture and function and genotypes of the ACE2 gene locus were analyzed.Results Irbesartan reducted in blood pres- sure in all patients(P

OBJECTIVETo study the progression of myopia in school-age children over the past 12 years and factors influencing myopia progression.

METHODSA total of 4569 cases of 5 to 12-year-old children who had refractive examinations in the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University between January 2000 and December 2011 were enrolled in this study. The children had no family history of congenital high myopia or other eye diseases. Myopia progression was evaluated when the children were re-examined. The refractive state of each child was measured with cyclopiegic retinoscopy.

RESULTSThe mean spherical equivalent (SE) myopia was-2.0±1.7 D between January 2000 and December 2011. There was no statistical difference in yearly myopia progression between different years. The average age of the myopic children decreased from 10.1 in 2000 to 8.9 years old in 2011 (P<0.05). Mean myopia progression was -0.6±0.7 D per year from 2000 to 2011. Myopia progression reduced gradually in 5 to 8-year-olds (P<0.05), however, it accelerated between ages 9 and 11 years. Myopia progression in 10- and 11-year-olds was significantly greater than in 7- and 8-year-olds (P<0.01). The multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that age and baseline myopic refraction were positively related to myopia progression.

CONCLUSIONSThere was no obvious change in the yearly myopia progression of the children over the past 12 years. The mean age of myopia occurrence became younger with time. More preventive measures are needed to ward off high myopia in children with moderate myopia, especially those aged over 10 years.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Disease Progression ; Female ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Male ; Myopia ; etiology ; Retrospective Studies