Objective To study the etiology,clinical characteristics,electroencenphalography(EEG),mental degree of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome(LGS). Method Retrospectively analyzed etiology,sex,age,seizure types,EEG,mental degree of 54 children diagnosed as LGS. Results The number of male was 36,female was 18,seizure onset from 1 month to 8 years,diagnosing age from 3 months to 11years. The EEG reveals 1.5-2.5 Hz spike-wave discharges and a slow baseline activity. Conclusions LGS is one of the most difficult epilepsys to treat and need frequently more than 2 antiepilepsy drugs. It is characterized by variable etiology,multiple types of intractable seizures, and has enormous detrimental effects on patient′s developmental health.

Objective To comparison of the quality of life in children with migraine and quality of life in children with primary epilepsy(EP)or Tourette's syndrome(TS).Methods There were 239 children with moderate migraine,the time of which lasted from 6 to 36(12.14?4.67)months,headache index 4-20(9.98?3.74).There were 250 cases and 424 cases with EP or TS,respectively,both team members were under good control with single drug therapy,the diagnosed according to the international classification of headache disorders-Ⅱ.The pediatric quality of life inventory,version 4.0,age 8-12 years,and child report forms were used to evaluate the quality of life in children with migraine and the other two kinds of samples by Bonferroni and Mann-Whitney tests.Results The scores of quality of life in children with moderate migraine were lower than those in children with EP(total score 69.06?10.48 vs 81.26?13.80;physical function scores 67.43?14.37 vs 83.14?14.70;psychological function scores 69.92?10.56 vs 80.26?14.32;emotional function scores 66.76?14.09 vs 80.90?18.93;social function scores 76.81?14.67 vs 83.36?17.40;school function scores 66.20?13.62 vs 76.52?13.80).The scores of quality of life in children with moderate migraine were lower than those in children with TS(total scores 69.06?10.48 vs 79.18?11.45;physical function scores 67.43?14.37 vs 81.52?12.61;psychological function scores 69.92?10.56 vs 77.90?12.28;emotional function scores 66.76?14.69 vs 74.07?16.34;social function scores 76.81?14.07 vs 89.06?16.23;school function scores 66.20?13.62 vs 70.35?16.96).Two sets of data between children with moderate migraine and those with EP,TS showed statistical significance(Pa

Animals ; Astragalus Plant ; chemistry ; Coxsackievirus Infections ; physiopathology ; Flavonoids ; pharmacology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Myocarditis ; physiopathology ; virology ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; drug effects ; virology

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics and diagnostic criteria of migraine in children.Methods The migraine cli-nical characteristics of patients that consistent with the chronic headache diagnostic criteria, excluding other diseases,were analyzed.ICHD-Ⅱ childhood migraine diagnostic criteria was used as gold standard to explore the migraine diagnostic criteria in children.Results 1.In 346 patients, 157 fitted ICHD-Ⅱchildhood migraine diagnostic criteria.2.Type of migraine: probable migraine was the most common(68.8%), the most commonly unfulfilled criterion was associated gastroenteritis symptoms; migraine without aura was the second (19.7%).3.The migraine diagnostic criteria: the most important single-variable was headache associated symptoms,with sensitivity of 70.7%,specificity of 83.6%,the positive predictive value(PPV) was 78.2%,positive likelihood ratio (PLR) was 4.31 and area under curve(AUC) was 0.771.The most important three-variables was headache duration of 1-72 hours, moderate-severe headache and headache associated symptoms, with the sensitivity of 52.2%,specificity of 96.2%,the PPV was 90.1%, the PLR was 13.7 and the AUC was 0. 657.Conclusions The most important single-variable is headache associated symptoms,the most important three-variables are headache duration 1-72 hours, moderate-severe headache and headache associated symptoms.

OBJECTIVEThe chemical components of essential oil from fruit of Eucalyptus globulus were analyzed by GC-MS.

METHODThe essential oil were extracted by steam distillation, then separated by capillary gas chromatography. The amount of the component from essential oil were determined by normalization methods. Chromatographic conditions were: capillary column DB-WAX (0.32 mm x 30 m, 0.25 microm) was used, column temperature: initial temperature at 40 degrees C for 3 min,ramping 5 C x min(-1) to 250 degrees C (holding for 10 min) the detector MS.

RESULT31 component from the fruit of E. globulus were identified, which accounted for over 93.7% of total volatile oil.

CONCLUSIONThe methods is reliable, stabilize and can be applied to identify the volatile oil from the fruit of E. globulus.

Cyclohexanols ; analysis ; Eucalyptus ; chemistry ; Fruit ; chemistry ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Monoterpenes ; analysis ; Oils, Volatile ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Sesquiterpenes ; analysis ; Terpenes ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo measure and evaluate the personal noise exposure of cold rolling mill workers by using noise dosimeter.

METHODSAccording to job category and work type, all workers were divided into 11 groups. 3 to 5 day shift (8:00 to 16:00) workers from each group were selected as subjects for personal noise exposure measurement. SH-126 dosimeters were worn by each subject and collect noise data by a phone fix at collar. All subjects were asked to take notes about their working activities when they were wearing SH-126 dosimeters. Each worker's L(A)(eq) of 8 hours, geometric mean and range of each group were computed.

RESULTSThere were many noise sources in the workshop. Recorded data showed that noise exposure of cold rolling mill was unstable. The varieties of personal noise levels were quite large. Among 53 workers, the highest noise exposure level was 100.0 dB (A), the lowest was 81.2 dB (A); the highest work type was of the foreside welders [94.20 dB (A)], and the lowest was of the straight-cutters [89.02 dB (A)]; quality checkers had the biggest rang [16.3 dB (A)], and primary rolling workers had the lest [2.3 dB (A)].

CONCLUSIONNoise exposure of all the 11 groups were more than 85 dB (A). Noise protection of these workers should be improved. It suggested that measuring personal noise exposure individually with dosimeters might obtain the noise exposure level more integrally in the complicated environment.

Environmental Monitoring ; methods ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Noise, Occupational ; prevention & control ; statistics & numerical data ; Occupational Exposure ; prevention & control ; statistics & numerical data

ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family B, Member 1 ; analysis ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Dendritic Cells ; physiology ; Drug Resistance, Multiple ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ; Humans ; Immunophenotyping ; K562 Cells ; Leukemia ; drug therapy ; immunology ; Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed

BACKGROUNDNoise is widespread occupational hazard in iron and steel industry. Overhead-traveling cranes are widely used in this industry, but few studies characterized the overhead-traveling crane drivers' noise exposure level so far. In this study, we assessed and characterized personal noise exposure levels of overhead-traveling crane drivers in two steel-rolling mills.

METHODSOne hundred and twenty-four overhead-traveling crane drivers, 76 in the cold steel-rolling mill and 48 in the hot steel-rolling mill, were enrolled in the study. Personal noise dosimeters (AIHUA Instruments Model AWA5610e, Hangzhou, China) were used to collect full-shift noise exposure data from all the participants. Crane drivers carried dosimeters with microphones placed near their collars during the work shifts. Work logs had been taken by the drivers simultaneously. Personal noise exposure data were divided into segments based on lines in which they worked. All statistical analyses were done using SPSS 13.0.

RESULTSThe average personal noise exposure (L(Aeq.8h)) of overhead-traveling crane drivers in the hot steel-rolling mills ((85.03 +/- 2.25) dB (A)) was higher than that in the cold one ((83.05 +/- 2.93) dB (A), P < 0.001). There were 17 overhead traveling cranes in the hot steel-rolling mill and 24 cranes in the cold one, of which carrying capacities varied from 15 tons to 100 tons. The average noise exposure level based on different lines in the hot and cold steel-rolling mills were (85.2 +/- 2.61) dB (A) and (83.3 +/- 3.10) dB (A) respectively (P = 0.001), which were similar to the average personal noise exposure in both mills. The noise exposure levels were different among different lines (P = 0.021).

CONCLUSIONNoise exposure levels, depending upon background noise levels and the noise levels on the ground, are inconstant. As the noise exposure levels are above the 85 dB (A) criteria, these drivers should be involved in the Hearing Conservation Program to protect their hearing.

Environmental Monitoring ; instrumentation ; methods ; statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Noise, Occupational ; Noise, Transportation ; Occupational Exposure ; analysis ; statistics & numerical data ; Occupational Health ; statistics & numerical data ; Steel

OBJECTIVETo explore the prevalence and characteristics of chronic headache in children and adolescents in Shanghai and to collect messages concerning the impact and compliance of medication for migraine.

METHODSA population-based questionnaire study was conducted among subjects 6 - 15 years of age sampled from primary and junior high schools in Shanghai and the subjects were followed up.

RESULTS(1) The prevalence: 8701 (88.6%) out of 9857 pupils responded to the questionnaire; 17% of the respondents had headache and in 86.4% of them the reason of headache was unknown. The prevalence of chronic headache in Shanghai children and adolescents was 7.8%, there was no significant difference between both genders (chi(2) = 0.010, P > 0.05). (2) The prevalence of chronic headache increased with age, the incidence was higher in boys before 12 years of age, while higher in girls after 12 years of age. (3) Characteristics of chronic headache: the proportion of unilateral, bilateral and headache of unknown site was similar; in most of the cases headache was localized in the temple (35.2%) and forehead region (25.6%), the duration of headache was short, always accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms. Half of the patients reported that the headache had affected their study and daily life. (4) The status of using health care facilities: 24% of the students sought medical assistance during their headache episodes and among them only 30.9% took medicine. (5) Over-fatigue (51.4%), followed by insufficient sleep (40.4%), emotional changes (38.5%) were the main aggravating factors. The headache was also associated with positive family history and stress in studying.

CONCLUSIONSHeadache is a common complaints of children, affecting the patients' study and daily life. But many patients with headache were not treated properly, therefore, the medical and educational sectors and the society should pay more attention to this problem.

Adolescent ; Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Headache Disorders ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence ; Surveys and Questionnaires

INTRODUCTIONThis study aimed to compare medication adherence and treatment persistence of patients on warfarin versus rivaroxaban in Singapore. A secondary objective was to identify significant covariates influencing adherence.

MATERIALS AND METHODSA retrospective cohort study was conducted where data from September 2009 to October 2014 was retrieved from the hospital electronic databases. Prescription records of rivaroxaban patients with 3 months or more of continuous prescription were extracted and compared against those of patients on warfarin. Primary outcome of adherence was determined based on the medication possession ratio (MPR), while treatment persistence was determined by outpatient clinic appointment gaps.

RESULTSA total of 94 rivaroxaban and 137 warfarin users were analysed by complete case analysis. The MPR of warfarin patients was lower than rivaroxaban patients by 10% (95% CI, 6.4% to 13.6%; P <0.0001). Also, there were more warfarin patients who had gaps in treatment persistence compared to those prescribed rivaroxaban (8.0% vs 1.1%; P = 0.03). Significant factors affecting medication adherence were age and duration of anticoagulant use. For every 10-year increase in age, MPR increased by 1.7% (95% CI, 0.7% to 2.8%). Similarly, for every year increase in duration of use, MPR increased by 1.8% (95% CI, 0.6% to 3.0%). Race, gender, concomitant medication and type of residence were not found to be significant covariates in the multivariable analysis.

CONCLUSIONPatients on rivaroxaban are likely to be more adherent to their prescribed oral anticoagulant with increasing age and duration of treatment influencing adherence.

Adult ; Age Factors ; Anticoagulants ; therapeutic use ; Databases, Factual ; Factor Xa Inhibitors ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Medication Adherence ; statistics & numerical data ; Middle Aged ; Pulmonary Embolism ; drug therapy ; Retrospective Studies ; Rivaroxaban ; therapeutic use ; Singapore ; Venous Thrombosis ; drug therapy ; Warfarin ; therapeutic use