Alzheimer′s disease ( AD) is the most common disease leading to dementia .With aging of the population , the morbidity of AD is increasing significantly , which brings serious burden personally and socially .So the early diagnosis of AD has be-come the hotspot in the current research field .In order to highlight new ideas for the early diagnosis of AD , the current review will ana-lyze from the first international diagnostic criteria for AD dementia to the latest conceptual framework for research on subjective cogni -tive decline in preclinical Alzheimer′s disease.

Objectives To evaluate the effect of N-Acetylcysteine on the airway inflammation and remodeling of obese asthma mice with high-fat diets. Methods Forty female C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 4 groups, asthma group (A), obese asthma group (B), treatment group (C) and normal control group (D). Group A were sensitized and challenged by ovalbum (OVA) and normal diets. Group B were sensitized and challenged as group A but fed with high-fat diets, while group C were sensitized, challenged and fed as group B, but administrated N-Acetylcysteine 200 mg/kg. d from the third week after challenge. The cells in BALF were counted and classified after staining, IL-6 and 8-iso-PGF2α(8-iso-PGF2α) in lung tissues were detected by ELISA. WAt, WAm, Pbm, as the remodeling indices, measured in lung pathological section. All parameters were compared among 4 groups. Results In comparison with group D, the leukocytes and EOS in BALF, WAt/Pbm, WAm/Pbm in lung section were increased as well as IL-6 and 8-iso-PGF2α in lung tissue elevated in group A and group B, while the maximum changes were observed in group B (P ＜0. 05). After NAC treatment, the IL-6, 8-iso-PGF2α and WAt/ Pbm were decreased significantly (P ＜0. 05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that WAt/Pbm and IL-6 were in positive correlation with 8-iso-PGF2α (r =0. 817, 0. 737, P ＜0. 01). Conclusions N-Acetylcysteine can alleviate the airway inflammation and remodel reaction of asthma by a substantial inhibition of the oxidative stress reaction in lung.

Objective To establish a rapid and precise continuous flow-injection chemiluminescence (CL) method for the determination of perphenazine. Methods In HNO_3 medium, perphenazine could be oxidated by ceriuim (IV) and CL was proportional to the perphenazine concentration without any sensitizers. Thus, a new flow-injection CL method was developed. Results Under the optimized conditions, the proposed method allowed the determination range within 1.0?10~ -7 -7.0?10~ -5 g/mL with the detection limit of 8.0?10~ -8 g/mL. Eleven parallel assays were conducted on perphenazine of 1.0?10~ -6 g/mL, with the relative standard deviation of 1.8%. Conclusion The method is simple, rapid, precise, and sensitive, and has broad linear range; therefore, it has been applied to the the determination of the perphenazine in tablets with satisfactory results.

Objective: To study the interaction between the calcium channel antagonist nimodipine and growth factors (vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] and platelet-derived growth factor[PDGF]) during the formation of new retinal vessels. Methods: The hyperoxia model was induced by proliferative retinopathy (OIR) in newborn Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. SD rats (2 d after birth) were randomized into 5 groups: normal control group, pure OIR group and group 3, 4 and 5, where the animals received retrobulbar injection of nimodipine 10 ?l, 5 ?l and 2 ?l once every 2 d for 3 times, respectively. Both eyeballs of newborn rats were made into common pathological sections and detected by immunohistochemistry method to count the nuclei of proliferative retinal vessel cells and to investigate the expression of VEGF and PDGF in retina. Results: The nuclei of proliferative retinal vessel cells and the expressions of VEGF and PDGF in pure OIR group increased significantly compared to those of normal control group(P

Objective:To compare the modified Qjng Long Bai Wei needling method and ordinary acupuncture method in the effects of improving the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β,IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis (KOA),and to determine the advantage of the modified Qing Long Bai Wei needling method for KOA.Methods:One hundred KOA patients were randomized into a treatment group and a control group by using the random number table,with 50 cases in each group.The treatment group was intervened by the modified Qing Long Bai Wei needling method,and the control group was given ordinary acupuncture.The two groups were observed before and after the treatment to determine the changes in the levels of IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α in synovial fluid,and the clinical efficacies were compared between the two groups.Results:The total effective rate and clinical recovery rate were 97.9％ and 52.1％ respectively in the treatment group,versus 85.1％ and 25.5％ in the control group,and the between-group differences were statistically significant (both P＜0.01).After the treatment,the levels of Ib1β,IL-6 and TNF-cα in synovial fluid changed significantly in both groups (all P＜0.01);there were significant differences in the levels of IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α in synovial fluid between the two groups (all P＜0.01).Conclusion:The modified Qjng Long Bai Wei needling is an effective method for KOA and it can significantly improve the levels of IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α in synovial fluid.

Objective To compare the metabolic characteristics, dosages and blood concentrations of tacrolimus (Tac) in patients subject to cadaveric liver transplantation (CLT) vs living-donor partial liver transplantation (LDLT) in order to investigate the usage of Tac in patients undergoing LDLT. Methods The clinical data of 85 patients undergoing liver transplantation from April 2007 to September 2009 were analyzed retrospectively. Thirty-four underwent LDLT (group A)and the remaining 51 underwent CLT (group B). Results The time to reach therapeutic window was shorter in group A (3. 4 ± 1.0 days) than in group B (4. 5 ± 2. 0 days, P = 0. 002). The Tac dosage in group A was significantly less than in group B during the first 28 days post-transplantation. However,the Tac dosage approached gradually and tended to be consistent after 28 days. On the postoperative day7, 14, 21 and 28 days, the Tac dosage in group A was 72.74 ％, 82.26 ％, 83.92 ％ and 88. 87 ％ of that in group B respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that graft-recipient body weight ratio (GR/WR) was significantly correlated with the Tac dosage on the day 7 (mg·day-1 · kg-1) (r =0. 728, P＜0. 01) and Tac concentration/dosage ratio (ng/ml)/(mg/kg) (r = - 0. 644, P＜0. 01 ).Conclusion The early Tac dosages in patients subject to LDLT were correlated significantly with the volume of graft. The early Tac dosages in patients undergoing LDLT were about 70 ％ of those in patients undergoing cadaveric liver transplantation. Moreover, with the regeneration of the liver, they tended to be consistent after 28 days.

OBJECTIVETo compare the biomechanics of three internal fixations for distal femoral fractures,and to choose suitable clinical internal fixation according to experimental date.

METHODSThe fracture models of femoral condydle were made on 12 fresh cadaver femurs (C1 type of AO classification). The fractures were fixed by supracondylar intramedullary interlocking nails (A), L-shaped condyle plates (B) and compressed plates (C) respectively. The straining, displacement, rigidity and intensity of femoral supracondyla of the three internal fixations of distal femoral fractures were observed and analyzed by biomechanics. These three different internal fixation methods were compared by experimental stress analysis. These results were further confirmed by theoretical analysis using finite element method (FFM).

RESULTSUnder the same load condition, supracondylar intramedullary interlocking nail fixation was the best on the intensity and rigidity,while for compressed plate and L-shaped condyle plate, the femoral condyle intensity and rigidity were worse (P < 0.05). There were distinct differences in stress and displacement among three methods (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSupracondylar intermedullary interlocking nail is the best method among the three internal fixation methods. It has advantage such as screw location, solid fixation and less complication. It is a good internal fixation method for distal femoral fracture.

Adult ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Femoral Fractures ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Finite Element Analysis ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; methods ; Humans ; Male

OBJECTIVEThe incidence of childhood asthma is growing. This study aimed to find the changes of clinical features of childhood asthma over a 20-year period.

METHODSThe medical data of 200 children with asthma between May 1986 and February 1988 (group 1) and of another 200 asthmatic children between June 2005 and May 2006 (group 2) were studied retrospectively.

RESULTSSixty-seven patients (33.5%) in group 1 and 128 patients (64.0%) in group 2 had concomitant allergic rhinitis (P < 0.01). The incidence of exercise-induced asthma, drug allergy and irritating smell allergy was significantly higher in group 2 than in group 1 (P < 0.05). Twenty-nine patients (14.5%) in group 1 and 112 patients (56.0%) in group 2 re-visited to the clinic (P < 0.01). The patients in group 1 received nonspecific immune and desensitizing therapy but those in group 2 received inhaled glucocorticoid therapy during the remission stage. After 3 months treatment, asthma was in under control in 11 patients (37.9%, 11/29) in group 1 and in 93 patients in group 2 (83.0%, 93/112) (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSThe incidence of concomitant anaphylaxis increased in asthmatic children over a 20-year period. The compliance of re-examination has increased in asthmatic children in recent years and this may be associated with a better efficacy of inhaled glucocorticosteroid therapy.

Asthma ; epidemiology ; etiology ; therapy ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male

Objective To construct the Neisseria surface protein A (NspA) DNA vaccine of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and evaluate the humoral and cellular immune responses induced by this vaccine in mice model.Methods The recombinant expression vector pcDNA3.1 (+)/NspA was constructed by inserting NspA gene into the eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1 (+) and confirmed by poly merase chain reaction (PCR),restriction enzymes HindⅢ,XbaⅠand DNA sequencing.NspA mR- NA in transfected RAW264.7 cells and NspA protein expression in transfected COS-7 cells were de- tected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemical stai- ning,respectively.Forty-five male BALB/c mice were immunized with pcDNA3.1 (+)/NspA recom binant plasmid.The level of serum anti-Neisseria gonorrhoeae antibody of the immunized mice was detected by tube agglutination test,and the level of interieron (IFN)-?was assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The proliferation of splenocytes was determined by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) colormetry.The NspA gene in BALB/c mice was identified by PCR with the total DNA extracted from quadriceps femoris in immunized sites.Results Restriction enzymes digestion a- nalysis and DNA sequencing results revealed that the pcDNA3.1 (+)/NspA had been constructed successfully.NspA gene had been transcripted and expressed in mammalian cells.The peak titer of specific antibody was 1:640 in pcDNA3.1(+)/NspA immunized group and there was no specific an- tibody detected in both pcDNA3.1 (+) immunized group and PBS group.The IFN-?level in pcD NA3.1 (+) immunized group was (23.79?11.85)pg/mL and that in pcDNA3.1 (+)/NspA immu- nized group was(169.71?30.52)pg/mL (P

ABSTRACT:In order to explore the spatial clustering and influential factors of HFMD in Chongqing ,China from 2008 to 2012 ,spatial autocorrelation and spatial regression analysis (using the spatial lag model in this study ) were carried out using the HFMD data of 38 districts (counties) from 2008-2012 in Chongqing by OpenGeoDa ,and the HFMD case‐based data was collected from the Disease Supervision Information Management System of Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Preven‐tion .We found that the global Moran’s I coefficient of Chongqing from 2009 to 2012 was 0 .458 7 ,0 .567 5 ,0 .398 6 ,and 0 .606 0(P<0 .01) ,respectively ,indicating that the incidence of HFMD in Chongqing had a positive spatial correlation in this four years and a spatial clustering distribution was displayed .However ,no global spatial autocorrelation was founded in 2008 and the global Moran’s I coefficient was 0 .133 2 (P>0 .05) .Results of multi‐factor spatial lag regression analysis demonstra‐ted that the incidence of HFMD was positively related with urban rate (β=1 .667 6 , P=0 .001 6) ,and negatively correlated with medical technical personnel per thousand (β= -0 .000 2 ,P=0 .019 8) .In general ,the incidence of HFMD was found ge‐ographically clustered in Chongqing from 2009 to 2012 which was significantly influenced by urban rate and medical technical personnel per thousand population ,and while the urban rate was the main factor .