Parents are primary care taker for the children and have an important role for the assessment and managent of children's pain following surgery. The purpose of the present study was to examine the validity and clinical utilization of the Postoperative Pain Measure for Parents (PPMP) developed by Chambers et al. Subjects were 52 children aged 4-12 years admitted for tonsillectomy and other minor surgery and their mothers. Faces Pain Scale, State Anxiety, and Postoperative Pain Measure for Parents were used. The data were collected by two research assistant on the operation day and 1st day after surgery at hospital during the period of July 20 to August 28, 1998. The results are as follows: 1. Eta correlation coefficient between 15 items of PPMP and child rated pain were calculated. Correlation coefficients were more than .2 for both day. 2. Internal consistency for PPMP were .82 and .83. 3. The scores of the PPMP were 10.73 (SD=3.71) and 9.27(SD=4.07) on the operation day and 1st day after surgery and there was no significant difference between two days(p=.056) On the other hand, there was a significant difference on the child rated pain by Faces Pain Scale between operation day and 1st day after surgery(p=.001). 4. The correlation(Spearman Rho) between PPMP and child rated pain were .40(p=.003) and .56(p=.000). The score of the PPMP and the children's state anxiety were highly correlated on the operation day and 1st day after surgery (.60, .52, p=.000). 5. Partial correlation between PPMP and child rated pain except state anxiety were .18(p=.23) and .48(p=.001) on the opration day and 1st day after surgery. 6. Using a cut-off score 10 out of 15, the measure showed excellent sensitivity (>80%) and moderate specificity (46.15%, 60% ). This study provides preliminary evidence for the use of the PPMP as a valid pain assessment tool with children between the ages of 4-12 years following surgery. It is suggested to explore the validity with a different subjects with other surgery and to examine the validity for infant and younger children.
Anxiety ; Child ; Hand ; Humans ; Infant ; Mothers ; Pain Measurement* ; Pain, Postoperative* ; Parents* ; Primary Health Care ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Surgical Procedures, Minor ; Tonsillectomy

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the relationship of knowledge of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), general characteristics associated with CPR and attitude toward CPR by college students. METHOD: The research design for this study was a descriptive survey design with a convenience sample. Data collection was done using self-report questionnaires with 424 college students. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics,t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression. RESULTS: Most of the students had received CPR training (58.3%) and 17% of the students had given help on request in an emergency situation. But only 11.3% of them performed CPR. The mean scores for knowledge of CPR and attitude toward CPR by students were 5.79+/-2.41, 33.8+/-6.53, respectively. The 18.3% of explained variance for attitude toward CPR was significantly explained by gender, age, having received CPR training and knowledge of CPR. CONCLUSION: Based on the findings of this study the development of CPR training programs which are tailored to personal characteristics of college students are necessary to improve attitudes toward CPR. Further nursing research is needed on the characteristics of college students associated with attitude toward cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Emergencies ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Nursing Research ; Research Design

PURPOSE: Obesity has been associated with higher total blood mercury levels, based on animal studies; however, studies that focus on children and adolescents are lacking. We aimed to assess the association between total blood mercury levels and the incidence of overweight and abdominal obesity in Korean adolescents. METHODS: The study population comprised 1,567 adolescents (793 boys and 774 girls; aged 10–19 years), who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010–2013. We analyzed total blood mercury levels according to obesity status in all participants. RESULTS: The geometric mean of total blood mercury levels was 1.93 µg/L. Participants with overweight (2.20 µg/L) and obesity (2.17 µg/L) had higher levels than those with normal weight (1.86 µg/L, P < 0.0001). The prevalence of overweight significantly increased with elevation of the total blood mercury quartile in both sexes. Increased incidence of abdominal obesity corresponding to increased total blood mercury level was observed in boys. After adjusting for covariates, those in the highest total blood mercury quartile were found to be at higher risk of overweight/obesity than those in the lowest quartile in both sexes (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: boys, 3.27 [1.66–6.41]; girls, 1.90 [1.03–3.49]). The association between total blood mercury quartile and abdominal obesity was significant after controlling for covariates in boys (2.35 [1.05–5.24]). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest an association between total blood mercury levels and overweight in Korean adolescents.
Adolescent* ; Animals ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Nutrition Surveys* ; Obesity ; Obesity, Abdominal ; Overweight* ; Prevalence

Interchromosomal insertion of Y chromosome heterochromatin in an autosome was identified in a fetus and a family. A fetal karyotype was analyzed as 46,XX,dup(7)(?q22q21.1) in a referred amniocentesis at 16 weeks of gestation for advanced maternal age. In the familial karyotype analyses for identification of der(7), the mother, the first daughter and the maternal grandmother showed the same der(7) as the fetus's. CBG-banding was positive at 7q22 region of der(7) that indicated inserted material was originated from heterochromatin. The origin of heterochromatic insertion region in der(7) of the fetus and the mother was found in Yq12 region by fluorescent in situ hybridization with a DYZ1 probe. In the specific analysis of Y chromosomal heterochromatic region of ins(7;Y) of the mother, 15 sequence tagged sites from Yp11.3 region including SRY to Yq11.223 region was not detected. Final karyotypes of the mother, the first daughter and the maternal grandmother were reported as 46,XX,der(7)ins(7;Y)(q21.3;q12q12). All female carriers of ins(7;Y) in the family showed normal phenotype and the mother and the maternal grandmother were fertile. A healthy girl was born at term. We report a rare case of familial interchromosomal insertion of Y chromosome heterochromatin detected only in female family members with normal phenotype that was diagnosed prenatally.
Amniocentesis ; Female ; Fetus ; Grandparents ; Heterochromatin* ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Karyotype ; Maternal Age ; Mothers ; Nuclear Family ; Phenotype ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Diagnosis* ; Sequence Tagged Sites ; Y Chromosome*

PURPOSE: This study was designed to confirm whether the paracentric inversions of fetuses and parents may be harmless. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We report 10 cases (0.14%) with paracentric inversions among 7,181 prenatal cases observed during prenatal diagnosis performed at Cheil General Hospital between January 2009 and June 2013. We used cytogenetic GTL- and RBG-banding techniques. RESULTS: Of the 10 cases, nine cases were transmitted from each of the parents, and one case was de novo. Nine cases were phenotypically normal up to one month of age after birth. One case was lost to follow-up. We present prenatal diagnosis and follow-up examination of the fetuses with paracentric inversion. CONCLUSION: Based on our cases, most paracentric inversions are considered to be harmless. The precise identification of paracentric inversions might be clinically important and helpful for genetic counseling.
Amniocentesis ; Chorionic Villi Sampling ; Cytogenetics ; Female ; Fetus ; Follow-Up Studies ; Genetic Counseling ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Lost to Follow-Up ; Parents ; Parturition ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Diagnosis*

PURPOSE: The prescription drug list for primary treatment by community health practitioners has been maintained for 30 years without any modification. Thus, this study will suggest an improvement scheme of prescription drug list for primary health care posts through an analysis of drug use in those posts. METHODS: A questionnaire survey was implemented with community health practitioners from April to June in 2012. A total of 1,249 copies were analyzed. As for the databases of drug use in the integrated information, a total of 154,229 diagnoses selected in the method of stratified cluster sampling from 39 primary health care posts'data were analyzed. We consulted some experts about the prescription medication list, and referred to the medication information on-line home page for up-to-date drug information. RESULTS: This study ultimately suggests 77 prescription drug items for primary health care posts by eliminating 35 items and replacing 1 item from the original list, and adding 4 items to it. CONCLUSION: This study will provide basic data for revising the prescription drug list in primary health care posts by periodically reflecting adverse effects in the existing drugs, demographic and environmental changes, and development of new drugs.
Coat Protein Complex I ; Prescriptions ; Primary Health Care ; Rural Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVES: The reliability and validity of the Korean version of Young Mania Rating Scale (K-YMRS) were examined in the Korean patients with major psychosis. METHODS: One hundred and twenty inpatients diagnosed as major psychosis by DSM-IV criteria were assessed with both K-YMRS and expanded Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS-E) during the first 3 days in hospital and after 4-week treatment. RESULTS: The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of K-YMRS was 0.73. The inter-rater reliabilities of total score (r=0.93, p=0.000) and individual item scores were high (r=0.65-0.96, p=0.000). The correlations of each items of K-YMRS with total score were statistically significant (r=0.35-0.78, p=0.000) except for the "insight" item. The principal component analysis for K-YMRS produced three factors;a) mood and vegetative symptoms, b) behavioral symptoms, and c) thought content and insight. The total scores of K-YMRS showed a significant correlation with the manic-excitement factor scores of BPRS-E at baseline and after 4-week treatment (r=0.82, r=0.72, respectively, p=0.000). The discriminant function analysis showed that manic (n=43) and non-manic patients (n=73) were discriminated 73.7% correctly by K-YMRS total score (p=0.01). The change of the total score of K-YMRS after 4-week treatment in manic patients was significantly greater than that in non-manic patients (p=0.000). CONCLUSIONS: K-YMRS was demonstrated to have good reliability and validity for measuring the severity of manic symptoms. It is expected that K-YMRS will be a useful tool for assessing mania symptoms in Korea.
Behavioral Symptoms ; Bipolar Disorder* ; Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Korea ; Principal Component Analysis ; Psychotic Disorders ; Reproducibility of Results

Structural abnormalities of the Y chromosome affect normal testicular differentiation and spermatogenesis. The present case showed a rare monocentric derivative Y chromosome with partial duplication of Yp including the SRY gene and deletion of Yq12 heterochromatin. The karyotype was 46,X,der(Y) (pter-->q11.23::p11.2-->pter).ish der(Y)(DYZ3+,DYZ1-,SRY++), confirmed through a FISH study. Even though the patient possessed an abnormal Y chromosome, testicular biopsy showed normal testicular volumes in the proband, with gonadal hormonal levels in the normal range but bilateral varicocele and hypospermatogenesis. We speculate that the abnormal Y chromosome arose from sister chromatids during Y chromosome recombination or intra chromosomal NAHR (non-allelic homologous recombination) during meiosis in the patient's father or in the very early stages of embryogenesis. The derivative Y chromosome might interfere in the meiotic stage of spermatogenesis, leading to the developmental arrest of germ cells. The present case illustrates that the infertility phenotype can have various causes. Also, it emphasizes the importance of accurate and various genetic analyses and could aid in male infertility treatment.
Azoospermia ; Biopsy ; Chromatids ; Embryonic Development ; Fathers ; Female ; Genes, sry ; Germ Cells ; Gonads ; Heterochromatin ; Humans ; Infertility ; Infertility, Male ; Karyotype ; Male ; Meiosis ; Oligospermia ; Phenotype ; Pregnancy ; Recombination, Genetic ; Reference Values ; Siblings ; Spermatogenesis ; Varicocele ; Y Chromosome

Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome (DDMS) is a rare condition characterized by asymmetric cerebral hemispheric growth with unilateral atrophy, ipsilateral compensatory osseous hypertrophy, hyperpneumatization of the paranasal sinuses and mastoid cells, and contralateral paresis. Varying degrees of hemiparesis, hemiplegia, seizures, mental retardation, and facial asymmetry can be associated with DDMS. We report the case of a 26-year-old man with DDMS associated with hypopituitarism who complained of polydipsia and polyuria. After an oral glucose tolerance test, he was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. There is no report of DDMS associated with other pituitary dysfunction or hyperglycemia. Clinicians should consider the possibility of coexisting pituitary dysfunction or type 2 diabetes in patients with DDMS, as it is obviously important for the patient's outcome.
Adult ; Amides ; Atrophy ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Facial Asymmetry ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Hemiplegia ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Hypertrophy ; Hypopituitarism ; Intellectual Disability ; Mastoid ; Paranasal Sinuses ; Paresis ; Polydipsia ; Polyuria ; Seizures ; Sulfones

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an acute inflammatory demyelinating disease of central nervous system, and is related to allergic or immune-mediated reaction to systemic viral infection or vaccination, which is usually self limited monophasic illness. As the clinical manifestations or laboratory findings is nonspecific, it is diagnosed by brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showing multiple foci of increased T2 signal within white matter. We report the clinical and radiologic imaging findings in a 36-year-old man in whom acute disseminated encephalomyelitis developed after serologically proven herpes infection combined with liver abscess. His clinical course, despite without corticosteroid or plasmapheresis because of liver abscess, was shown spontaneous remission.
Adult ; Brain ; Central Nervous System ; Demyelinating Diseases ; Encephalomyelitis, Acute Disseminated* ; Humans ; Liver Abscess* ; Liver* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Plasmapheresis ; Remission, Spontaneous ; Vaccination