Objective To study the prostate volume of normal children and adolescents and to evaluate the development of prostate central zone and peripheral zone.To provide the preliminary MRI standards of prostate growth and development for nomal Chinese children and adolescents.Methods Five hundred and fifty eight healthy male volunteers,aged from 2 to 25 years were retrospectively analysed.They were divided into 5 groups by the ages (group A:2 to 5 years,group B:6 to 10 years,group C:11 to 15 years,group D:16 to 20 years and group E:21 to 25 years).All the volunteers underwent conventional MRI examinations at our institution (T2WI axial and coronal image acquisition).The prostate volume of different age groups were measured,the development of the central zone and peripheral zone were scored by two radiologists,and the datas were treated by Nonparametric test.Results Group A children's prostate nearly not development,only individual MRI measurable its size; Group B most not development,only 6 children visible prostate form,but can't distinguish the anatomical division; Group C prostate gland development better,MRI can measure the size,but distinguish its central and peripheral area is difficult ; Group D prostate gland development rapidly,differences are obvious,but only a few central and peripheral area boundary clear; Group E the central and peripheral area boundary clear,form full,T2 WI signal contrast clear.The median prostate volumes of 5 groups were 0.000,0.000,2.450,7.990 and 10.600 cm3,respectively(x2 =215.452,P ＜ 0.01).The median prostate scores of 5 groups were 0.04,0.31,1.34,2.23 and 2.60,the prostate volumes were significant difference among these 5 groups except group A and group B(x2 =127.460,P ＜0.01),there were significant difference among the volumes and the scores of these five groups (P ＜0.01).Conclusions MRI provided the basis of objective and truth for the the measurements of volume and the observations of prostate development in this study,that offers preliminary reference range for normal Chinese children and adolescents prostate development status.

Objective To explore surgical methods of removing polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAHG) and the right time of repairing the deformity of breast after removing PAHG.Methods We operated with endoscopy to remove PAHG through the lower mammary areolar incision.According to injection influence,we made the dicision whether to put the silicon gel prosthesis (hereafter referred to as prosthesis) simultaneously,and to fix the porsthesis,and to rebuild the imframammary fold of breast using biological repair membrane (hereafter referred to as membrane).Results In all 46 patients,39 patients' injection and their envelope were removed entirely.7 patients left part of the envelope because of its thin and wide characters.14 of them accepted prosthesis augmentation mammaplasty simultaneously and 5 of these accepted membrane repair.4 patients received prosthesis augmentation in stage Ⅱ.All patients' incision were primary healing.The incision scars were not obvious.1 patient with breast cancer suffered breast excision; 1 patient who received prosthesis and membrane simultaneously appeared prosthesis displacement after 3 months and fixed again.1 patient who received membrane appeared hydrops in residual cavity,and the membrane was removed finally.Conclusions This method with endoscopy through mammary areolae is necessary for cleaning PAHG entirely.We can use prosthesis to repair the deformity of breast after removing PAHG,and if necessary use membrane to fix the implant and rebuild the inframammary fold of the breast.

Objective To improve the understanding of malignant triton tumor on imaging findings.Methods CT and MRI findings of rare malignant triton tumor in 3 cases confirmed histologically were analysed with review of the literatures.Results 3 tumors included prostatic malignant triton tumor with pulmonary metastatic tumors and neurofibromatosis-I in 1 case,left haunch malignant triton tumor in 1 case and right maxillary sinus malignant triton tumor with destruction of maxillary sinus paries in 1 case.The imaging appearances of tumors were the huge soft tissue mass which strongly suggested malignant tumors,high signal intensity on T2WI,circular septa inside the tumors with low signal intensity.Conclusion Although the qualitative diagnosis of malignant triton tumor depends on pathological examination,CT and MRI play a useful role in diagnosis and differential diagnosis of this tumors.

Pharmacokinetic analysis has attracted more and more attentions in the research field of bioactive natural product. However, there is limited study on the pharmacokinetics of polysaccharides. This paper focused on the research progresses of pharmacokinetics of polysaccharide, summarized the applications of chromatography, isotope labeling method, spectrophotometry, fluorospectrophotometry and biological assay in the analysis of polysaccharide pharmacokinetics, elucidated the behaviors of absorption, distribution, degradation and excretion of polysaccharide in experimental animals, and revealed the effects of physicochemical characteristic, administration dose and route on the pharmacokinetic properties of polysaccharide, which could be served as a reference for the related works.
Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Injections ; Intestinal Absorption ; Metabolic Clearance Rate ; Molecular Weight ; Polysaccharides ; administration & dosage ; analysis ; pharmacokinetics ; urine ; Tissue Distribution

Objective To explore the feasibility of quantitative assessment of pancreatic perfusion using dynamic contrastenhanced MRI (DCE-MRI).Methods Totally 68 healthy volunteers were divided into youth,middle and old groups according to ages.All volunteers underwent pancreas DCE-MRI examination.Images were transmitted to Research-DCE MRI Tool workstation to calculate the quantitative parameters,including volume transfer constant (Ktrans),interstitium-toplasma rate constant (Kep),interstitial volume (Ve) and plasma volume (Vp).Independent sample t test and one-way ANOVA test were used to evaluate the differences of pancreatic perfusion.Results There were no significant differences of Ktrans,Kep, Ve and Vp between male and female;Ve in old group was higher than that in youth and middle groups (P =0.036,0.001);Vp of pancreatic head was higher than that of pancreatic body and tail (P=0.011,0.023).Conclusion DCE-MRI can be applied to provide a reliable quantitative assessment of pancreatic perfusion noninvasively.The parameters of DCE-MRI of pancreatic perfusion are independent of gender but vary with age and pancreatic sites.

Objective To investigate the imaging findings of Ewing’s sarcoma in ilium,pubis,and ischium,and to improve the diagnostic veracity.Methods The imaging manifestations of 1 5 patients with pathologically proved Ewing’s sarcoma in ilium,pubis or ischium were retrospectively analyzed.All the 1 5 patients were underwent X-ray examination.Among them,12 cases performed CT examination and 1 1 cases performed MRI examination.Results In all the 1 5 Ewing’s sarcoma patients,8 lesions located at the iliac.7 lesions located at the pubic and ischial.12 cases showed simple osteolytic bone destruction on X-ray images,3 cases showed mixed bone destruction.All the 1 5 cases showed soft-tissue mass around the lesion.On CT images,7 cases showed swelling in the periphery of the lesion areas and internal osteolytic bone destruction,5 cases showed irregular oateomas,hyperosteogeny or osteo-sclerosis surrounding bone destruction areas,6 cases showed irregular periosteal reactionsurrounding the lesion areas,12 cases showed soft-tissue mass surrounding the lesion areas.On MRI,7 cases showed long T1 and long T2 signal,4 caese showd T1 low and T2 heterogeneous high signal,5 cases showed high signal in the fat suppression sequences.All the 1 1 cases who underwent MRI examination showed bone destruction and soft tissue mass on MRI.Conclusion Although rare,Ewing’s sarcomas of the ilium,pu-bis,and ischium have some certain image features.X-ray,CT and MRI examinations play an important role in the diagnosis and dif-ferent diagnosis of these conditions.

Objective To investigate the conventional MRI and DWI features of prostatic abscess.Methods 8 patients with path-ologically and clinically proved prostatic abscess who were performed MRI examination in our institution were enrolled in this study. Among them,2 patients underwent CT examination and 7 patients were performed DWI examination (b = 0 and 1 000 s/mm2 ). Their CT,conventional MRI and DWI features were retrospectively analyzed.The ADC value between prostatic abscess and normal prostate tissues were compared by using paired t test.Statistical significance was inferred at P <0.05.Results 2 patients with 3 fo-cal abscesses,2 patients with 2 focal abscesses,and 4 patients with only one focal abscess.4 abscesses perforated the prostate cap-sule and involved the fat gap in front of the rectum.Prostatic abscess showed low hypointensity on T1 WI,hyperintensity on T2 WI and DWI.2 focal abscesses with low signal areas consistent both on T1 WI and T2 WI of gas.The mean ADCs of prostatic abscess were (0.854±0.223)×10 -3 mm2/s ,which were significantly lower than those of prostate tissues (1.41 6±0.1 68 )×10 -3 mm2/s (P <0.05).Conclusion Prostatic abscess has characteristic feature on MRI,and shows restricted diffusion on DWI.MRI can clearly display their size,number and invasive condition of the circumambient organs.Thus should be considered as an optimal method in the diagnosis of prostatic abscess.

Objective To investigate COL1A1 gene mutation by PCR-high resolution melting (PCR-HRM) and an-alyze the correlation between genotype and clinical phenotype in a child (proband) with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). Methods The family history of OI pedigree along with the clinical data was collected. Blood samples from the proband and his family members, as well as 50 normal controls, were collected. The mutation of COL1A1 gene was screened using PCR-HRM and validated by the gene sequence. Results The detection of PCR-HRM showed the abnormal result of COL1A1 17 exon in proband with a lower melting temperature (Tm) value than that of normal controls by 0.4℃. There were signifi-cant differences in the standardization melting curve and the different melting curve between the proband and the normal controls. The sequencing result was c.1138G>A, which meant that cDNA of 1138 base G mutation into A. The mutations transformed the amino acid glycine into a serine at amino acid 380(P. Gly 380 Ser), which resulted in missense mutations. The proband’s father and grandmother had the same mutation of COL1A1 gene. The mutation was not found in the proband’s mother and normal controls. There was no report for such mutation in Chinese population. Pedigree analysis showed the fami-ly genetic characteristics of autosomal dominant inheritance. The proband was clinically diagnosed as OI type Ⅳwith more severe clinical phenotype. Conclusion PCR-HRM analysis is a new effective method for genetic screening of OI. COL1A1 mutation of c.1138G>A is a newly discovered mutation in Chinese population. Gly replaced inαhelical domain may lead to a more severe clinical phenotype.

Objective To probe the value of 3.0T MRI in the preoperative assessment of rectal carcinoma.Methods The study recruited 41 patients who were confirmed by biopsy of rectal carcinoma and underwent conventional MRI, high-resolution MRI and diffusion weighted imaging(DWI), the distance from the inferior part of tumor to transitional skin and the percentage of circumferential invasion were measured, the tumor's T staging, N staging,and the status of circumferential resection margin(CRM) and extramural vascular invasion(EMVI) were assessed.MRI findings were compared with endoscope and postoperative pathological results.Results MRI could accurately show the distance from the inferior part of tumor to transitional skin(P>0.05);The mean percentage of circumferential invasion for the tumor with T1-T2 and T3 were 61%,83% respectively (P>0.05);The total accuracy of T,N staging diagnose were 80.5%,75.6% respectively, which had a better consistent with pathological T,N staging(Kappa=0.564,0.634);The total accuracy of CRM and EMVI diagnose were 90.2%,73.2% respectively,which had a better or moderate consistent with pathological diagnose(Kappa=0.765,0.461).Conclusion 3.0T MRI has the unique application in the preoperative assessment of rectal carcinoma, which can provide more comprehensive information for clinic.

OBJECTIVE:To systematically review the effect of CYP2C19 genetic polymorphism on lansoprazole pharmacoki-netics,and provide evidence-based reference for clinical individualized medication of lansoprazole. METHODS:Retrieved from PubMed,EMBase,Web of science,Cochrane Library and CJFD,retrospective studies about the effect of CYP2C19 genetic poly-morphism on lansoprazole pharmacokinetics were collected,Meta-analysis was performed by Rev Man 5.2 software after data ex-tract and quality evaluation. RESULTS:Totally 11 retrospective studies were included,involving 200 patients. The gene type in-cluded homozygote express metabolizers (EM),heterozygous express metabolizers (HEM) and slow metabolizers (PM). Results of Meta-analysis showed CYP2C19 polymorphism significantly affected cmax,AUC,t1/2,tmax and CL/F. The cmax and AUC in group PM were higher than group HEM and group EM;CL/F in group EM was higher than group HEM and group PM;t1/2 in group PM was higher than group HEM and group EM,while there was no significant difference in the t1/2 between group HEM and group EM;tmax in HEM and group PM were higher than group EM,while there was no significant difference in the tmax between group PM and group HEM. CONCLUSIONS:CYP2C19 genetic polymorphism shows obvious effect on lansoprazole pharmacokinetics, which is the key factor for causing efficacy of lansoprazole and individual differences among adverse reactions,and clinic should take into account individualized dose regimen of lansoprazole.