Microglia is the most important immune cell in the central nervous system.It plays a key role in mediating the immune response in the central nervous system.Sterile inflammation is the key factor in the pathophysiological process following ischemic stroke.Microglia is activated and induces a series of inflammatory signals through binding of injuring related ligands to their corresponding receptors.This article introduces the activation of microglia and inflammatory response after ischemic stroke from Toll-like receptors,inflammasome,cytokine receptors,Notch signaling and other signaling pathways.

A Review This article reviewed the characteristics of the laser scanning confocal microscope and its application in the research of the ischemic heart disease ,including the morphology ,apoptosis and necrosis of the myocardium, the express of the adhesion molecule, and the Ca 2+ ion in the myocardium.

Objective To improve the recognition of treatment of adult T lymphoblastic lymphoma (TLL) with Hyper-CVAD regime.Methods The turnovers of 7 cases treated with Hyper-CVAD regime were summarized.Results Among the 7 cases,1 case died after the first unfinished chemotherapy,1 case gained complete remission before autologous stem cell transplantation but relapsed after transplantation,3 cases gained complete remission until now,2 cases without transplantation relapsed and then gave up following treatments after treating with ICE regime or the virgin regime,but the therapeutic effects were poor.Conclusions Adult TLL should get early chemotherapy treatments,and some special characteristics should be noted,the treatment does not relate to the stage,the chemotherapy treatment should be carried out regularly and enough,radiation of mediastinum mass can be applied after 4 cycles of Hyper-CVAD regime,choose suitable transplantation method.

Objective] To analyze the sequence difference of the SSU rDNA variable regions of Leishmania isolates from hilly foci and plain foci of China. [Methods] Specific SSU rDNA fragments from nuclear DNA of five Leishmania species and isolates were amplified by PCR. The amplified DNA fragments were cloned into pGEM R\|T Easy vector. The specific fragments were sequenced by the automated DNA sequencer. [Results] Sequence analysis showed that the amplified DNA fragments of five Leishmania species and isolates were all 392 bp in length, point mutations were located in the two unique sequence (UQ\|Ⅰ and UQ\|Ⅱ); L.d.SC10 and L.d.GS7 had two same point mutations in UQ\|Ⅱ, only L.d.GS7 had one in UQ\|Ⅰ; no insertion/deletion. [Conclusion] Sequence difference of the SSU rDNA variable region existed between Leishmania isolates from hilly foci and plain foci; The sequences of the SSU rDNA variable regions of L.d. SD2 isolate and L.infantum were identical.

Objective To evaluate the clinic efficacy of sufentanil and remifentanil by target- controlled infusion (TCI) combined with propofol in patients undergoing endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA).Methods Sixty patients,ASA Ⅰ ～ Ⅱ,undergoing elective EBUS-TBNA were randomly divided into group S ( sufentanil group),group R (remifentanil group) and group SR (sufentanil + remifentanil group),each group were twenty patients.The anesthesia of all groups is propofol intravenous anesthesia with 2％ lidocaine topical anesthesia,to controll BIS between 50 and 60 during surgery.Heart rate(HR),mean arterial pressure(MAP) pulse oxygen saturation( SpO2 ) and respiratory rate (RR) were recorded and compared 5mins after entering room(T0),30mins after the beginning of surgery(T1 ) and after surgery(T3).Arterial blood gas and the times of cough during surgery were also recorded and compared in all groups.The use of propofol and lidocaine,the wake-up time,satisfaction with anesthesia and adverse reactions in 6 hrs after surgery were also obtained.Results ( 1 ) RR decreased distinctly in group R and PaCO2 increased distinctly in group S and group R compared with that of group SR (P ＜0.05) during surgery.(2)The times of cough and the wake-up time lessened distinctly in group R and group SR compared with that of group S ( P ＜0.05 ).(3) The use of propofol and lidocaine,satisfaction with anesthesia and adverse reactions in 6 hrs after surgery were similar in all groups ( P ＞ 0.05 ).Conclusion Sufentanil compounded remifentanil by TCI combined with propofol is a safe and feasible anesthesia option for EBUS-TBNA,which provides better efficacy,high satisfaction and less side effects compared with using alone of sufentanil and remifentanil respectively.

In this paper,the recent advances in both biomedical sciences and higher medical education reform were reviewed and analyzed.Furthermore,we proposed and reconstructed the teaching system of biochemistry and molecular biology course in our university,including its teaching content,teaching methods,teacher team,teaching management,etc.The preliminary practice of this system has obtained significant positive effects on teaching quality and student performance.

Objective To evaluate the analgesic efficacy of thoracic paravertebral block (PVB) in patients after lobectomy performed via video-assisted thoracoscope (VAT) .Methods Fifty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of both sexes aged 20-76 yr weighing 45-90 kg undergoing elective lobectomy via VAT were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 25 each): patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) group and thoracic PVB group. PVB was performed according to the method described by Jamieson et al and Richardson et al. Paravertebral catheter was placed at T7-8 after induction of anesthesia and tracheal intubation. A loading dose of 0.5% ropivacaine 20 ml was administered via PVB catheter at 30 min before the end of operation. PVB was then controlled by the patients with 0.2% ropivacaine (bolus dose 8.0 ml, lockout interval 30 min). In PCIA group a loading dose of sufentanil 0.1 μg/kg was given iv at 30 mln before the end of operation. Sufentanil 1.0 μg/ml was used. PCIA included a bolus of 2 ml with a 15 min lockout interval and background infusion 2 ml/h. Numeric rating scale (NRS) (0=no pain, 10 = most severe pain) was used to assess the intensity of pain. NRS score, MAP, HR and SpO2 were recorded before operation (T0 ,baseline), 30 min after withdrawal of chest tube (Ti) and at 24, 48 and 72 h after operation (T2, T3, T4). Forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume first second (FEV1.0) were measured and FVC/FEV1.0 ratio was calculated after chest tube was withdrawn. Blood cortisone and glucose concentrations were determined at To, T1 and T4. Requirement for rescue analgesics and side effects were recorded. Results There was no significant difference in MAP, HR, SpO2 and NRS at rest between the 2 groups.NRS at coughing and blood cortisone and glucose concentrations were significantly lower and the postoperative FEV1.0 was significantly higher in PVB group than in PCIA group. The requirement for rescue analgesics and side effects were comparable between the 2 groups. Conclusion Thoracic PVB can provide better postoperative analgesia with little side effects.

Objective: To investigate the expressions of Galectin-3 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in brain tissue of the mice with acute cerebral infarction and the intervention effect of nimodipine. and to elucidate the effects of Galectin-3 and MMP-9 in the occurrence and treatment of cerebral infarctioa Methods: A total of 210 mice were randomly divided into control group, model group and nimodipine group (;i~70). In model group and nimodipine group, the acute cerebral infarction models of mice were established by the suture method. The mice in nimodipine group were intraperitoneal^ injected with nimodipine 30 min before operation. The Longar score and modified neurological severity score (mNSS) were used to evaluate the neurological function of the mice in various groups, the cerebral infarction volumes of the mice in various groups were determined by TTC staining, the water contents in brain tissue of the mice in various groups were detected. HE staining was used to observe the morphology of brain tissue of the mice in various groups, the expression levels of Galectin-3 and MMP-9 mRNA in brain tissue of the mice in various groups were detected by RT-PCR method, and the expression levels of Galectin-3 and MMP-9 proteins in brain tissue of the mice in various groups were detected by immunohistochemical staining. Results: Compared with control group, the Longar score and mNSS of the mice in model group were increased ( P< 0. 05) • the cerebral infarction volume and water content in brain tissue of the mice in model group were significantly increased (P<0.05). the expression levels of Galectin-3 and MMP-9 mRNA in brain tissue were increased ( P-'-C 0.05). and the expression levels of Galectin-3 and MMP-9 proteins in brain tissue were increased ( P<0. 05). Compared with model group, the Longar score and mNSS of the mice in nimodipine group were decreased ( P< 0.05). the cerebral infarction volume and the water content in brain tissue were decreased ( P<0.05 ). the expression levels of Galectin-3 and MMP-9 mRNA in brain tissue were decreased ( P

The issues concerning the disability evaluating system in Korea are controversial to say the least. Evaluating systems are so complicated that they continually cause confusion to medical examiners even though they must evaluate patient's medical status accurately, objectively and reasonably to provide adequate compensation for patients. However, controlling associations or educating curricula for disability evaluation are not in place. This study investigates the impending problems of disability evaluation in Korea and discussed what should be done to improve the situations. Social environments, evaluating standards, examiners' capability and education are reviewed in an effort to present an adequate proposals to Korean medical examiners.
Compensation and Redress ; Coroners and Medical Examiners ; Curriculum ; Disability Evaluation ; Humans ; Hypogonadism ; Korea ; Mitochondrial Diseases ; Ophthalmoplegia ; Social Environment

Objective To investigate the variation of the thioredoxin system (Trx),and the role of it in transient out-ward potassium current (Ito) channels in left ventricular myocytes of diabetes mellitus (DM) in rats. Methods Forty-five SD rats were divided into DM group and control group. DM group were treated with streptozotocin (STZ) to induce DM model. The values of left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD), end-systolic diameter (LVESD), fractional shortening (LVFS), ejection fraction (LVEF) and heart rate (HR), QRS duration and corrected QT (QTc) interval were detected by echocardiogra-phy (UCG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) in two groups. The left ventricular myocardial tissue samples were taken to detect the Trx,glutaredoxin (GRX),thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and glutathione reductase (GR) by using UV spectrophotometer. The level of free thiol (P-SH) of total cardiac protein was detected by 5, 5′-dithio-bis-2-nitrobenzoic acid method. Ito of the cardiomyocytes was recorded by whole-cell patch-clamp method. After being incubated in vitro with insulin(Ins), treated with TrxR inhibitor-auranofin(AF) and 13-cis-retinoic acid(RA), the changes of Ito of the cardiomyocytes were observed. Results Compared with control group, the values of heart rate (HR), left ventricular minor axis decurtaion rate (LVFS), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and TrxR were lower in DM group. The values of LVEDD, LVESD, QRS and QTc inter-vals, Trx, Grx and P-SH were higher in DM group than those of control group. Ito density was significantly higher in DM+Ins group than that of DM group, Ins+RA group and Ins+AF group when the stimulation voltage ≥ 0 mV (P ＜ 0.05). Conclusion The impaired Trx system in diabetic rat myocardium was the electrophysiological basis of the reduced ventric-ular function and arrhythmia. And Ins was able to reverse the decreased Ito of cardiomyocytes in DM rats.