Objective:To study the effect of endoscope on the treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) combined with biliary tract obstrucition (BTO).Methods:We have analyzed retrospectively the results of twelve patients suffering from HCC combined with BTO from 5,1990 to 5,2000.Among these cases,various reasons were found.5 of them were intrabilitary cancer embolus,7 were billary calculus.7 of them were treated with endoscope and following surgical resection,1 was treated with endoscope、TAE and resection,the 3 rest of them were solely treated with endoscope.Results:Of all the 12 cases,1 died of resection,2 failed to follow the survey,these 3 cases above took 25%;among the rest of 9 cases,2 of them survived for 3 to 6 months,3 for half to 1 year,3 for 1 to 2 year,1 for at least 2 years.Those cases suviving for more than 1 year were received surgical resection.Conclusions:We should have no fixed way but to deal with each patient of HCC combined with BTO on his/her merits.As our recognition towards them began accumulating,we found that,in the early stage of obstruction,active endoscopic treatment would prove to be preferable.If combined with other therapy such as surgical resection and TAE,Endoscopy would improve the curative effect of HCC combined with BTO substantially.

Objective : To investigate the role of squalene epoxidase (SQLE) knockout in anti-tumor effect vial im- proving CD8 + T cell infiltration in melanoma tumor microenvironment． Methods : Both immunodeficient and immu- nocompetent mice were inoculated with SQLE knockout B16F10 cells to determine the cell-autonomous and non-au- tonomous regulation of malignancy．Antibody blockade ，Luminex multiplex assays ，and flow cytometry were em- ployed to explore the impact of SQLE gene knockout on the secretion of cytokines / chemokines and immune cell in- filtration．Bioinformatics analysis was conducted to validate the correlation between SQLE expression and immune infiltration as well as clinical prognosis in melanoma patients. Results : Compared with immunodeficient mice， SQLE knockout significantly inhibited melanoma proliferation in immunocompetent mice and prolonged their surviv- al．SQLE knockout induced the secretion of cytokines and chemokines from tumor cells，improved CD8 + T cell in- filtration in the tumor microenvironment，thereby potentiating anti-tumor immunity．Bioinformatics analysis sugges- ted a significant correlation between SQLE and its corresponding immune infiltration markers with the prognosis of melanoma patients． Conclusion SQLE regulates anti-tumor immunity by controlling cytokines and chemokines re- leasing in tumor microenvironment，thus holding promise as a novel tumor immunotherapy target and efficacy predic- tion molecular indicator.

Diphtheria toxin is an ADP-ribosyltransferase toxic to human cells. Mutation of the active site in its catalytic domain eliminates the toxicity, but retains its immunogenicity. A non-toxic mutant of diphtheria toxin known as CRM197 protein has become an ideal carrier protein for conjugate vaccines. CRM197 can further improve its immunogenicity by cross-linking with other antigens, so it has good potential to find broad applications. Unfortunately, inclusion bodies are easily formed during the expression of recombinant CRM197 protein in Escherichia coli, which greatly reduces its yield. In order to address this problem, pG-KJE8 vector carrying molecular chaperones and plasmid pET28a-CRM197, were co-expressed in Escherichia coli. The results showed that the recombinant CRM197 protein was successfully expressed and appeared largely in inclusion bodies. The molecular chaperones DnaK, DnaJ, GrpE, GroES and GroEL5 expressed can facilitate correct and rapid folding of CRM197. Furthermore, it can also improve the recovery rate of soluble CRM197 protein. The soluble expression of CRM197 was maximized upon addition of 1.0 mmol/L IPTG, 0.5 mg L-arabinose, 5.0 ng/mL tetracycline and induction at 20oC for 16 h. The soluble CRM197 protein shows good immunoreactivity, demonstrating the molecular chaperones expressed from pG-KJE8 facilitated the soluble expression of CRM197 protein in E. coli.
Bacterial Proteins ; Diphtheria Toxin/genetics* ; Escherichia coli/genetics* ; Humans ; Molecular Chaperones/genetics* ; Recombinant Proteins/genetics*