The purpose of this study was to examine dietary attitudes of students and changes in their attitudes toward the school lunch service. The participants of the study were 483 students ranging from third grade elementary school students to middle school sophomores living in the Seoguipo area of Jeju Island. The subjects were asked to complete questionnaires under the supervision of their teachers or dietitians, and data were grouped into elementary school 3rd and 4th grades, elementary school 5th and 6th grades; and middle school 1st and 2nd grades for each gender. There were no significant differences among the groups with respect to their regularity of food intake, dietary considerations, or the frequency of imbalance in their diets. In the case of female participants, their frequency of snacking decreased as their grade level increased. In general, the overall changes in dietary attitudes became more negative as their grade level increased. Male students demanded increased serving sizes of both staple food and side dishes, while female students demanded increased serving sizes dishes, but not staple food as their grade levels increased. there was also an increase in the number of student sin higher grades who discarded or did not eat enough their entire meals. The major reasons for not eating the food were : no taste to the food and not proper saltiness of food. These results may suggest that school dietitians need to pay more attention to increased taste and proper seasoning of meals. Students suggested that the school lunch service should be continued, but that it needs improvement. Students in higher grades were more aware of the importance of the environment in which the meal was provided. Also, an early education in nutrition and healthy diets seemed important in preparing them for following a healthy lifestyle in later life.
Diet ; Eating ; Education ; Female ; Food Habits ; Humans ; Life Style ; Lunch* ; Male ; Meals ; Nutritionists ; Organization and Administration ; Seasons ; Serving Size ; Snacks ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The accuracy of CT in the detection of injuries of the solid visceral organ is well established, but the value of CT in diagnosing small bowel rupture after abdominal trauma is controversal. This study was conducted to ascertain CT finding of small bowel rupture result from abdominal trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of preoperative abdominal CT findings in 40 patients was performed. Small bowel rupture was confirmed by surgery. Precontrast and postcontrast enhanced CT images were obtained in all patients. RESULTS: Diagnostic findings of small bowel rupture including pneumoperitoneum or retroperitoneal air, discontinuity of the bowel wall and extravasation of oral contrast materials were observed in 33 cases(83%). Intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal free air was seen in 31 cases(78%) and intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal free fluid collection was seen in 38 patients(95%). Small bowel wall was thickened in 31 cases(78%), bowel wall was enhanced in 12 cases(30%) and bowel wall discontinuity and extravasation of oral contrast material was seen in 5 cases, respectively. CONCLUSION: The CT scan is sensitive and effective modality for evaluation of small bowel rupture after abdominal trauma, because of high detectability of diagnostic and suggestive CT findings.
Contrast Media ; Humans ; Pneumoperitoneum ; Retrospective Studies ; Rupture* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

A clinical study was made on 144 cases of urolithiasis among the total number of 562 in-patients during the 5 years from January, 1974 to December, 1978. The results were as follows: 1. The incidence of the patients with urolothiasis was 25.6% of the in-patients and male to female ratio being approximately 2.1:1 2. The age of the patients ranged from 20 to 50 years in approximately 74.5% 3. A seasonal occurrence was highest during summer on 36.8%. 4. The locational distribution of urinary calculi was in the ureter in 5l.4%, kidney in 34.7%. bladder in 9.7% and urethra in 4.2%. 5. The most favored predirection site of ureteral stone was lower third in 60.8% of all cases. 6. In a number of urinary calculi in each location 71.5% was single, the most common size was below 1.0 cm in its diameter on 65 cases (45.2%), and weight, below 0.5gm. on 21 cases (24.7%). 7. The clinical symptoms of upper urinary tract lithiasis showed flank pain in 89.5%, hematuria in 17.7%, nausea and vomiting in l8.5%, and generalized weakness in 9.7%, but in lower urinary tract, painful urination was 85%, hematuria in 60% and frequency in 80%. 8. The microscopic hematuria showed in 81.9% and pyuria was revealed in 44.4%. 9. The most frequent surgical intervention was ureterolithotomy in 22.9%. 10. The results of chemical analysis of 85 urinary calculi showed the mixed type of calcium-phosphate and calcium-oxalate in 40% (34 cases), calcium-phosphate in 17.6% (15 cases). calcium-oxalate in 11.8% (l0 cases), the mixed type of calcium-phosphate and ammonium-phosphate in 11.8% (l0 cases) and calcium-carbonate in 8.2% (7 cases). The major component of urinary calculi was calcium-phosphate-oxalate. 11. Cases of bilateral urinary calculi were revealed in 11.8%.
Female ; Flank Pain ; Hematuria ; Humans ; Incidence ; Kidney ; Lithiasis ; Male ; Nausea ; Pyuria ; Seasons ; Ureter ; Urethra ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Calculi ; Urinary Tract ; Urination ; Urolithiasis* ; Vomiting

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to clarify the clinical trait of familial diabetes mellitus (DM) by analyzing participants’ risk of DM according to the age of DM onset in parents and siblings, and to evaluate individuals’ risk of DM-associated cardiometabolic diseases. METHODS: Altogether, 211,173 participants aged ≥40 years from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study were included in this study. The participants were divided into groups based on the number (1 or 2 relatives) and age of onset (no DM and early, common, or late onset) of familial DM. Participants’ risk of DM was assessed using a Cox regression model with hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A logistic regression model with odds ratios was used to evaluate associations among the participants’ likelihood of acquiring cardiometabolic diseases such as hypertension, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and cardiovascular disease. RESULTS: The risk of developing DM was 2.02-fold (95% CI, 1.88 to 2.18) and 2.88-fold (95% CI, 2.50 to 3.33) higher, respectively, in participants with 1 and 2 family members diagnosed with familial DM. It was 2.72-fold (95% CI, 2.03 to 3.66) higher in those with early-onset familial DM. In the early-onset group, the respective risks of hypertension and CKD were 1.87-fold (95% CI, 1.37 to 2.55) and 4.31-fold (95% CI, 2.55 to 7.27) higher than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS The risk of DM and related cardiometabolic diseases was positively associated with the number of family members diagnosed with DM and an early diagnosis in family members with DM.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to evaluate the technical feasibility and safety of robotic extended lateral pelvic lymph node dissection (LPLD) in patients with advanced low rectal cancer. METHODS: A review of a prospectively-collected database at Kyungpook National University Medical Center from January 2011 to November revealed a series of 8 consecutive robotic LPLD cases with a preoperative diagnosis of lateral node metastasis. Data regarding patient demographics, operating time, perioperative blood loss, surgical morbidity, lateral lymph node status, and functional outcome were analyzed. RESULTS: In all eight patients, the procedures were completed without conversion to open surgery. The mean operative time of extended pelvic node dissection was 38 minutes (range, 20 to 51 minutes), the mean number of lateral lymph nodes harvested was 4.1 (range, 1 to 13), and 3 patients (38%) were found to have lymph node metastases. Postoperative mortality and morbidity were 0% and 25%, respectively, but, there was no LPLD-related morbidity. The mean hospital stay was 7.5 days (range, 5 to 12 days). CONCLUSION: Robotic LPLD is safe and feasible, with the advantage of being a minimally invasive approach. Further large-scale studies comparing robotic and conventional surgery with long-term follow-up evaluation are needed to confirm these findings.
Academic Medical Centers ; Blood Loss, Surgical ; Conversion to Open Surgery ; Demography ; Humans ; Imidazoles ; Length of Stay ; Lymph Node Excision ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Nitro Compounds ; Operative Time ; Rectal Neoplasms

Background: and Objective: The use of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) increases the risk of negative health outcomes, including drug-related admissions. Tools for structured medication review have been developed to ensure optimal medication use and safety. Here, we aimed to evaluate medication use review (MUR) tools for community-dwelling older patients. Methods: We performed a systematic review of the literature according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalyses Statement (PRISMA). We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from 1991 to 2020, excluding tools that are specifically applied to hospitalized patients or nursing home residents. We identified the most common inappropriate medications, drug-disease interactions, drug-drug interactions and prescribing omissions presented among tools. Results: From among 9,788 identified reports screened, 60 met our inclusion criteria; finally, 27 were eligible for data analysis considering originality and up-to-dateness. Most tools presented explicit criteria (93%), and only one was specific to community-dwelling elderly. The most common PIM was tricyclic antidepressants. Use of diltiazem and verapamil in patients with heart failure and the combination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics and warfarin were the most frequent disease-specific PIM and druginteraction, respectively. Conclusions Although several medication review tools have been developed for older adults, specific guidelines for community-dwelling populations remain limited. Furthermore, the list of PIMs differed among available tools. In future, specific but integrating MUR tools need to be developed for clinical practice considering this population.

Background: and Objective: The use of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) increases the risk of negative health outcomes, including drug-related admissions. Tools for structured medication review have been developed to ensure optimal medication use and safety. Here, we aimed to evaluate medication use review (MUR) tools for community-dwelling older patients. Methods: We performed a systematic review of the literature according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalyses Statement (PRISMA). We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from 1991 to 2020, excluding tools that are specifically applied to hospitalized patients or nursing home residents. We identified the most common inappropriate medications, drug-disease interactions, drug-drug interactions and prescribing omissions presented among tools. Results: From among 9,788 identified reports screened, 60 met our inclusion criteria; finally, 27 were eligible for data analysis considering originality and up-to-dateness. Most tools presented explicit criteria (93%), and only one was specific to community-dwelling elderly. The most common PIM was tricyclic antidepressants. Use of diltiazem and verapamil in patients with heart failure and the combination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics and warfarin were the most frequent disease-specific PIM and druginteraction, respectively. Conclusions Although several medication review tools have been developed for older adults, specific guidelines for community-dwelling populations remain limited. Furthermore, the list of PIMs differed among available tools. In future, specific but integrating MUR tools need to be developed for clinical practice considering this population.

BACKGROUND: Despite widespread recognition of the hazardous health effects of smoking, adolescent smoking continues to increase, emerging as a public health problem. However few studies have focused on smoking cessation programs for adolescent smokers. The purpose of this study was to measure the short-term effects of the adolescent smoking cessation program performed by the Seoul School Health Center. METHODS: Four hundred and twenty adolescent smokers referred from their schools from March to December of 1996 were assessed before and immediately after the program with a self-questionnaire. The data acquired from these 420 students was analyzed. RESULTS: Males were found to have a higher rate of daily smoking as compared with females. Middle school students had a earlier starting age than those of high school students. About 70% of the students had tried to stop smoking and about 1/3 had a high level of self-efficacy in stop smoking. More than 80% of the students were current alcohol drinkers and 10% ever had experience with other drugs. Many showed poor academic performance and low degree of satisfaction with their schools. More than 50% had experienced punishment at school Middle and high economic status were more common than low status, 73.3% had smokers in their families and 43.3% showed severe dysfunction in family APGA-R. Smoking cessation rate immediately after the program was 37.4%, highest in female high school students and lowest in male high school students Factors shown to be significantly associated with smoking cessation in males were school age, FTQ scores, presence of peer smokers, smoking and alcohol status, self-efficacy in stop smoking and degree of satisfaction with their schools. School age, presence of peer smakers, smoking and other drug use status, self-efficacy in stop smoking, academic performance, degree of satisfaction with their schools, experienoe of runaway from home, economic status and presence of smokers in their families were significant factors in females. Stepwise logistic regression showed that current alcohol users were less likely to succeed in smoking cessation and those with a higher level of self-efficacy in stop smoking were more likely to succeed in males. In females, high school students with higher economic status were more likely to succeed while those with smokers in their families or experience of runaway from home were less likely to succeed. CONCLUSIONS: To promote smoking cessation, specified and risk-based approaches are considered to encourage the motivation of adolescent smokers. For more effectiveness, programs will need to comprehensively include the school, the family, peers, alcohol and other drug issues as well as smoking problem itself.
Adolescent* ; Child ; Female ; Homeless Youth ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Motivation ; Program Evaluation ; Public Health ; Punishment ; School Health Services ; Seoul ; Smoke* ; Smoking Cessation* ; Smoking*

PURPOSE: The objects of this study were to examine the thickness of labial plate of anterior maxillary teeth and the gingival biotype in Koreans and to evaluate whether there is a correlation between the gingival biotype and the thickness of labial plate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was performed on 335 teeth of 57 subjects at the Pusan National University Dental Hospital. Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) was used to measure the thickness of labial plate at 4 mm, 6 mm, 8 mm from the cementoenamel junction and the gingival biotype was determined by the visibility of periodontal probe. RESULTS: Thin facial bone less than 1 mm was observed in 87% at 4 mm, 88% at 6 mm and 90% at 8 mm. In 21% of total objects, thin gingival biotype was observed. There is no correlation between the thickness of labial plate and gingival biotype. CONCLUSION: Additional thorough radiographic examination such as CBCT was mandatory for aesthetic dental implant in the anterior dentition besides clinical oral examination.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Busan ; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ; Dental Implants ; Dentition ; Diagnosis, Oral ; Facial Bones* ; Humans ; Maxilla* ; Periodontium ; Tooth ; Tooth Cervix

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate whether the pattern of optic nerve enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can help to differentiate between idiopathic optic neuritis (ON), neuromyelitis optica (NMO), and multiple sclerosis (MS) in unilateral ON. METHODS: An MRI of the brain and orbits was obtained in patients with acute unilateral ON. Patients with ON were divided into three groups: NMO, MS, and idiopathic ON. The length and location of the abnormal optic nerve enhancement were compared for ON eyes with and without NMO or MS. The correlation between the pattern of optic nerve enhancement and the outcome of visual function was analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 36 patients with ON who underwent an MRI within 2 weeks of the onset, 19 were diagnosed with idiopathic ON, 9 with NMO, and 8 with MS. Enhancement of the optic nerve occurred in 21 patients (58.3%) and was limited to the orbital segment in 12 patients. Neither the length nor the location of the optic nerve enhancement was significantly correlated with visual functions other than contrast sensitivity or the diagnosis of idiopathic ON, MS, or NMO. Patients with greater extent of optic nerve sheath enhancement and more posterior segment involvement showed higher contrast sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: Our data revealed that the pattern of optic nerve enhancement was not associated with diagnosis of idiopathic ON, NMO, or MS in Korean patients with unilateral ON. We believe further studies that include different ethnic groups will lead to a more definitive answer on this subject.
Brain ; Contrast Sensitivity ; Diagnosis ; Ethnic Groups ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Multiple Sclerosis ; Neuromyelitis Optica ; Optic Nerve* ; Optic Neuritis* ; Orbit