BACKGROUND: Diet and weight concerns are commonplace and almost accepted features of life for girls during adolescence. Until recently, younger age groups haue largely been ignored, as these concerns were thought to be a product of pubertal development and sexual maturity. Girls under the age of fifteen therefore, have been assumed to be free of the pressures experienced by adult women. However, this belief is now hard to sustain. The object of the present study was to investigate the self-perception and body shape satisfaction in different weight categories of boys and girls aged 12-years old in Korea. METHODS: In May, 1995, one hundred and sixty seven boys and one hundred and twenty girls from two schools in Seoul completed assessments of body-esteem, self-esteem, body shape preference. The children's body weight and height were also measured. RESULTS: The heaviest children expressed the most discontent, having a low body-esteem, a desire for thinness. By the age of 12, girls boys already differ in their body shape satisfaction and differ in their body shape aspirations. There was a significant effect of weight category on the children's body esteem(boys(P =.005), girls(P=.0001). Children in both extreme categories, under-and over-weight, had lower body-esteem scores than those in other weight categories. However, it was the overweight children who had the lowest. reported body-esteem. Body esteem was highest among girls in the 'slightly underweight' category and highest among boys on the 'average weight' category. There was no effects of either weight category or gender on the childrens appraisal of self-esteem. A comparison of the points chosen on the silhouette scales to reflect current and preferred body shapes revealed clear gender differences. Of the girls, 63% placed their preferred body shape at a point thinner than their currently perceived shape, while only 15% chose a broader figure. In contrast,, 41% of the boys rated their preferred figure as broader than their current perception, and 37% as thinner than their current perception. CONCLUSIONS: This study has noted a relationship between body weight and self-perception in 12-year old children. The heaviest children expressed low body-esteem, a desire for thinness. This pattern was more characteristic of girls than boys. Even at this age, well before they have completed physical maturation, girls are aspiring to a body shape which is thinner than their average. This discontent experienced by the heaviest children on this sample was apparent in their lower body-esteem and the distance between their current and preferred body shapes. The girls preference was for thinness, while in the boys it was for a body shape which was broader than their current shape. From their responses, it would appear that the boys' desire was not for fatness, but for a more athletic and muscular build.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aspirations (Psychology) ; Body Weight ; Child* ; Diet ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Overweight ; Self Concept ; Seoul ; Sports ; Thinness ; Weights and Measures

BACKGROUND/AIMS: After colorectal cancer surgery, colonoscopic surveillance should be done for prevention and early detection of secondary cancer. This study aimed to identify the group with high risk of developing colorectal adenoma after curative surgery of colorectal cancer. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated the medical records of the subjects of 130 patients who had been examined using colonoscopy before and after the curative surgery. RESULTS: The average age was 59.4 years. Synchronous adenomas were in 42 patients (32.3%). The occurrence rate was significantly high in men (38.8%) than women (22.0%). After the operation, the mean interval of examining colonoscopy was 11.6 months (3-24 months) and metachronous adenomas were detected in 26 patients (20.0%). The patients who have both metachronous and synchronous adenomas were observed in 13/42 (30.9%) and the patients of metachronous adenomas without synchronous adenomas were observed in 13/88 (14.8%). The occurrence rate of metachronous adenomas with synchronous adenomas was significantly high. The frequency of synchronous adenomas didn't increase with age. However, the frequency of metachronous adenomas increased with age: 0/9 (0%) under 40 years, 7/49 (14.3%) in 41-61 years and 19/72 (26.4%) over 61 years. The occurrence rate was higher in men (26.3%) than women (10.0%). CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence rate of metachronous adenomas after colorectal cancer surgery was higher in the patients with synchronous adenomas, male gender and old aged patients.
Adenoma/*diagnosis ; Adult ; Aged ; Colonoscopy ; Colorectal Neoplasms/*surgery ; English Abstract ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasms, Multiple Primary/diagnosis ; Neoplasms, Second Primary/*diagnosis ; Risk Factors

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Laterally spreading tumors (LST) were growthed along the colonic wall. These tumors were high malignant potential compared to colon polyp. We analyzed clinicopathological characteristics of these tumors. METHODS: From June 1996 to June 2001, twenty nine patients were diagnosed by colonoscopy. These lesions were classificated macroscopic (granular type and nongranular type) and microscopic findings. RESULTS: 20 male and 9 female were enrolled (mean age, 68.1). Among the LST, 41.4% were 20~30 mm in diameter, and 7% were larger than 30 mm. According to macroscopic findings granular types were 72.4% (21/29) and nongranular types were 27.6% (8/29). In macroscopic findings, tubular types were 48.4% (14/29), malignant changes were 31.3% (9/29). Tumor size was only significant factor in malignant potential of LST (p=0.004). Endoscopic mucosal resection was performed in 72.4% (21/29), operation in 8 (27.6%). Rate of submucosal invasion in LST was 3.4% (1/29, sm1). Recurrent rate of endoscopic treatment group was 9.5% (2/21). CONCLUSIONS: Most of LST were good indication for endoscopic treatment, but larger tumor size and irregular surface of tumor were suspected to be submucosal invasion. Therefore these lesions were performed other procedures as endoscopic ultrasound or computerized tomography for invasion depth.
Colon ; Colonoscopy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Polyps ; Ultrasonography

PURPOSE: We investigated current dispatcher education requirements and proposed how to further improve and develop the EMD education curriculum in Korea. METHODS: The contents of EMD training programs from the US were used in the development of the questionnaire used to investigate the status of EMD education in Korea. The Delphi method was used to obtain expert consensus on which specific training objectives to include, how many hours would be required, who was qualified to receive the training, and how to confirm their successful qualification. RESULTS: A consensus of the experts was made for core educational objectives, the appropriate number of education hours, qualifications for trainers, passing marks for the exams, and the format of re-education as follows: The didactic education time requirement was 18 hours and the experiential education time requirement was 10 hours. The target qualification requirement for trainees was EMT level 1, and they were required to have an experience of firstaid as a prerequisite. The minimum annual re-education time was 8 hours (61.1%). The passing mark for examinations was 70.0 (median, IQR: 65.0 - 70.0) for the didactic test and 70.0 (median, Interguatile range [IQR]: 60.0 - 80.0) for the experiential test. The format of the required re-education included both comprehensive and individual forms. CONCLUSION: We propose the core contents of EMD education should be based on the results of the expert consensus.
Consensus ; Curriculum ; Emergencies ; Emergency Medical Services ; Korea ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: We investigated current dispatcher education requirements and proposed how to further improve and develop the EMD education curriculum in Korea. METHODS: The contents of EMD training programs from the US were used in the development of the questionnaire used to investigate the status of EMD education in Korea. The Delphi method was used to obtain expert consensus on which specific training objectives to include, how many hours would be required, who was qualified to receive the training, and how to confirm their successful qualification. RESULTS: A consensus of the experts was made for core educational objectives, the appropriate number of education hours, qualifications for trainers, passing marks for the exams, and the format of re-education as follows: The didactic education time requirement was 18 hours and the experiential education time requirement was 10 hours. The target qualification requirement for trainees was EMT level 1, and they were required to have an experience of firstaid as a prerequisite. The minimum annual re-education time was 8 hours (61.1%). The passing mark for examinations was 70.0 (median, IQR: 65.0 - 70.0) for the didactic test and 70.0 (median, Interguatile range [IQR]: 60.0 - 80.0) for the experiential test. The format of the required re-education included both comprehensive and individual forms. CONCLUSION: We propose the core contents of EMD education should be based on the results of the expert consensus.
Consensus ; Curriculum ; Emergencies ; Emergency Medical Services ; Korea ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The variceal bleeding has high rebleeding rate, and mortality rate was higher in gastrix varix. Managements of variceal bleeding were included such as drugs, endoscopic procedures, surgical management and radiological intervention. Recently histoacryl(R) injection method has been introduced. We have compared the effects of the endoscopic ligation and Histoacryl(R) injection therapy (HAI) in patient with gastric variceal bleeding. METHODS: We analyzed the effects of hemostasis, complications, rebleeding rates, and survival rates in gastric varix bleeding of 22 patients with Histoacryl(R) injection therapy and 20 patients with endoscopic ligation therapy, from January 1995 to March 1999. RESULTS: There were no difference in the complication rate between the 2 stretigies (12/14). Most common complication was chest pain in EVL group, but fever was common in HAI group. Also early and post rebleeding rates were not different in both groups. The main cause of death during follow up period was rebleeding in both groups. The survival rates were 65.0% in EVL group and 77.0% in HAI group (p>0.05, duration: 23+/-2, 28+/-4 month), and there was no difference in mortlity rate (p=0.77). CONCLUSIONS: There were no difference in the hemostatic effect, complications, rebleeding rate and survival rate in EVL group and HAI group. However, evaluation of larger numbers of patients and prospective studies were needed to define the effectiveness and complications of these therapies.
Cause of Death ; Chest Pain ; Esophageal and Gastric Varices* ; Fever ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hemorrhage* ; Hemostasis ; Humans ; Ligation* ; Mortality ; Survival Rate ; Varicose Veins

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Various gastric and duodenal lesions were observed in patients with obstructive biliary disease. Previously we knew that serum bile acid level may be correlated with gastric and duodenal lesion in obstructive biliary disease. Now we will confirm the correlation of the serum bile acid concentration and gastro-duodenal lesions. METHODS: A clinical analysis of the endoscopic finding and serum bile acid concentration was carried out in 120 patients with hepatobiliary and pancreas disease, from January 1999 to December 1999, in the department of Internal medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital. RESULTS: 1) In the 120 patients, sex distribution showed predominance in the males (84/36). 2) Disease profiles were included, liver cirrhosis (66.7%), hepatocellular carcinoma (38.3%), pancreatic cancer (15.8%). 3) The gastroduodenal lesions were erosive gastritis (33.3%), gastric ulcer (20.0%), duodenal ulcer (16.7%) in orders. 3) According to serum bile acid concentration, gastroduodenal lesions were more than in elevated bile acid concentration group. CONCLUSIONS: Gastroduodenal lesions in hepatobiliary and pancreas disease patients were related with serum bile acid concentration.
Bile* ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Duodenal Ulcer ; Gastritis ; Humans ; Internal Medicine ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Male ; Pancreas* ; Pancreatic Neoplasms ; Sex Distribution ; Stomach Ulcer

BACKGROUND/AIMS: With the advance of antibiotics and the development of newer imaging techniques, marked changes in etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of liver abscess have been reported. METHODS: We reviewed the clinical data related to 94 patients with pyogenic liver abscess. RESULTS: Of the 94 patients in the study group, the male to female ratio was 1.4:1 and the peak incidence of liver abcess was in the 7th decade. About three quaters (74.5%) of the abcesses were of unknown origin. The predominant location was in the right lobe (70.3%). Single lesion was found in 80 patients and multiple lesions in 14 patients. Pathogens were identified in 67 patients, of which Klebsiella pneumoniae (65.7%) and E. coli (16.4%) were the most common. The modalities of treatment were percutaneous drainage with antibiotics (73.4%), percutaneous aspiration with antibiotics (16.0%), or antibiotics alone (8.5%). The case fatality rate, mainly from associated underlying diseases, was 9 cases (9.6%). Associated diseases were diabetes mellitus (14.9%) and malignancy (10.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed that the most common organism was Klebsiella pneumoniae and percutaneous needle aspiration and/or catheter drainage were safe and effective treatment modalities for pyogenic liver abscess. Prognosis was determined by the underlying condition.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; English Abstract ; Female ; Humans ; *Liver Abscess, Pyogenic/microbiology/pathology/therapy ; Male ; Middle Aged