This was a cohort study of in vitro fertilization (IVF) subjects at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (UT, USA) utilizing partner sperm. Cycles where both the hamster egg penetration test (HEPT) and semen analysis were performed within 2 years prior to IVF cycles were stratified into four groups based on a normal or an abnormal HEPT and morphology. The mean conventional and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) fertilization rates were calculated in each group. We performed a univariate analysis on the primary outcome comparing clinically interesting subjects. We performed a cost-effectiveness analysis of a policy of HEPT versus universal ICSI in couples with an abnormal morphology. Among patients with a normal HEPT, there was no difference in the mean conventional fertilization rates between those with a normal and an abnormal morphology. There was no difference in the mean conventional fertilization rates between subjects with a normal morphology without a hamster test and those with a normal HEPT without a morphology assessment. In 1000 simulated cycles with an abnormal morphology, a policy of HEPT was cost saving compared to universal ICSI, yet produced similar fertilization rates. The HEPT is similar to the World Health Organization edition 5 (WHO-5) morphology in predicting successful conventional fertilization while allowing decreased utilization of ICSI. A policy of HEPT for males with abnormal morphology saves cost in selecting couples for a fertilization method.

AIM: To determine and compare clinico-sociodemographic profiles of primary open angle glaucoma(POAG)with non-glaucoma eye patients in Gwagwalada, Nigeria.METHODS:A cross-sectional comparative study. A total of 235 adult patients including 96 with POAG and 139 non-glaucoma were included. General characteristics such as age, gender, education, vocation, ethnicity, family history of glaucoma, ocular itching, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension were recorded. Ocular examinations included visual acuity, central visual field, cup disc ratio, anterior chamber angle assessment, and intraocular pressure.RESULTS:Mean age was 49.88+13.75 years and 114(48.5%)were males. Patients with POAG comprised 42 ethnics with Igbo(24/96, 25.0%)and Yoruba(20/96, 20.8%)being most common. Most POAG(74/96, 77.1%)were in the age range 40-69. The POAG(73/96, 76.0%)had varied visual impairment. The POAG versus non-glaucoma as follows: positive family history of glaucoma(34/96, 35.4%)vs (25/139, 18.0%; P=0.012); history of diabetes mellitus(8/96, 8.3%)vs(6/139, 4.3%); hypertension(24/96, 25.0%)vs(28/139, 20.1%); combined diabetes mellitus and hypertension(1/96, 1.0%)vs(4/139, 2.9%; P=0.268); antidiabetic drugs(5/96, 5.2%)vs(7/139, 5.0%); antihypertensives drugs(24/96, 25.0%)vs(23/139, 16.5%); combined antidiabetic and antihypertensive drugs(4/96, 4.2%)vs(5/139, 3.6%; P=0.328); ocular itching(18/96, 18.7%)vs(37/139, 26.6%; P=0.328); visual impairment [right eye(RE):51/96, 53.1%; left eye(LE):60/96, 62.5%] vs(RE:40/139, 28.7%; LE:37/139, 26.6%; P=0.000); vertical cup disc ratio>0.4(RE: 96/96, 100.0%; LE:96/96, 100.0%)vs(RE:131/139, 94.2%; LE:124/139, 89.2%)(RE: P=0.307; LE: P=0.006); intraocular pressure >22 mmHg(RE: 17/96, 17.7%; LE: 22/96, 22.9%)vs(RE: 2/139, 1.4%; LE: 2/139, 1.4%; P=0.006). Most POAG(60/96, 62.5%)were on antiglaucoma drugs and(23/96, 24.0%)were yet to commence medication(P=0.000). Many POAG(32/96, 33.3%)were on combination antiglaucoma drugs of beta blockers, prostaglandin inhibitors and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.CONCLUSION:Glaucoma has distinguishing clinico-sociodemographic features from other eye conditions. Many participants affirmed family history of glaucoma, and most glaucoma participants were on antiglaucoma treatment. The visual impairment including blindness was significantly associated with glaucoma. The study affirmed open angle glaucoma was associated with high cup-disc ratio and high intra ocular pressure.