This study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship between eye positions in the awake state and in the surgical plane of anesthesia induced with anesthetics and muscle relaxants in 167 non-paralytic horizontal strabismus patients. All 27 patients with esotropia demonstrated divergence under general anesthesia when compared with their pre-anesthetized state. In 140 patients with exotropia, 107 patients(76.4%) demonstrated convergence under general anesthesia, 6 patients(4.3%) demonstrated divergence, 27 patients demonstrated no change of the eye position. A statistically significant relationship was found between the preanesthetized position of the eyes(P) and the eye position under general anesthesia(A). The relationship is linear and can be written as the approximate regression fomula: A=0.44P+6.34, R=0.73(p<0.01). When surgical success was defined as an eso- or exodeviation within 10 delta of orthotropia at postoperative 12 weeks, final success rate revealed statistically significant difference between the following two groups of exotropic patients(p<0.05). The patients whose amount of vergence were under 15 delta had a success rate of 96.6%, while those over 16 delta had a success rate of 86.3%. In esotropia, surgical success was not satisfactory in patients whose amount of deviation were over 41 delta. These results suggest the significant relationship between eye positions in the awake state and those under general anesthesia, which could be clinically applied in deciding the surgical amount and predkting the success of strabismus surgery.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General* ; Anesthetics ; Esotropia ; Exotropia ; Humans ; Strabismus

We performed a retrospective study on evisceration and enucleation operated at Chosun University hospital and Chonnam University hospital during the period of 10 years from January 1982 to December 1991. The total number of cases was 550. The incidence was mow common in male. The male and female ratio was 1.85: 1(Male 64.9%, Female 35.1%). The frequency of enucleation and evisceration was as follows trauma; 281 cases(51.1%), glaucoma; 76 cases(13.8%), corneal ulcer; 69 cases(12.6%), panophthalmitis; 43 cases(7.8%), tumor; 33 cases(6.0%), phthisis bulbi, 26 cases(4.7%), others; 22 cases(4.0%). The most frequent cause of the trauma whitch had been eviscerated or enucleated was traffic accident; 129 cases(45.9%), followed by violence; 73 cases(25.9%), industrial accident, 37 cases(13.2%), toy and pencil; 19 cases(6.8%), sports; 12 cases(4.3%), unknown; 11 cases(3.9%). The age-related incidence was peak in the third decades 86 cases(15.6%), followed by fifth decades 85 cases(15.5%) and fourth and sixth decades 82 cases(14.9%), respectively. The mean annual incidince rate was significantly greater among males than females: 2.33 per 100,000 population and 1.93 per 100,000 population, respectively. The overall mean annual rate was 2.13.
Accidents, Occupational ; Accidents, Traffic ; Corneal Ulcer ; Female ; Glaucoma ; Gwangju* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Jeollanam-do* ; Male ; Panophthalmitis ; Play and Playthings ; Retrospective Studies ; Sports ; Violence

We performed a retrospective study on evisceration and enucleation operated at Chosun University hospital and Chonnam University hospital during the period of 10 years from January 1982 to December 1991. The total number of cases was 550. The incidence was mow common in male. The male and female ratio was 1.85: 1(Male 64.9%, Female 35.1%). The frequency of enucleation and evisceration was as follows trauma; 281 cases(51.1%), glaucoma; 76 cases(13.8%), corneal ulcer; 69 cases(12.6%), panophthalmitis; 43 cases(7.8%), tumor; 33 cases(6.0%), phthisis bulbi, 26 cases(4.7%), others; 22 cases(4.0%). The most frequent cause of the trauma whitch had been eviscerated or enucleated was traffic accident; 129 cases(45.9%), followed by violence; 73 cases(25.9%), industrial accident, 37 cases(13.2%), toy and pencil; 19 cases(6.8%), sports; 12 cases(4.3%), unknown; 11 cases(3.9%). The age-related incidence was peak in the third decades 86 cases(15.6%), followed by fifth decades 85 cases(15.5%) and fourth and sixth decades 82 cases(14.9%), respectively. The mean annual incidince rate was significantly greater among males than females: 2.33 per 100,000 population and 1.93 per 100,000 population, respectively. The overall mean annual rate was 2.13.
Accidents, Occupational ; Accidents, Traffic ; Corneal Ulcer ; Female ; Glaucoma ; Gwangju* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Jeollanam-do* ; Male ; Panophthalmitis ; Play and Playthings ; Retrospective Studies ; Sports ; Violence

PURPOSE: The incidence of retinopathy of prematurity(ROP) which is one of the most common cause of childhood blindness has not decreased despite the restricted use of oxygen. There may be other factors responsible for ROP which could not be explained solely by improved survival of very low birth weight infants. We tried to clarify perinatal risk factors that are nrelated to the occurrence of ROP. METHODS: We enrolled 239 infants with gestational ages less than 33 wks or with birth weight less than 1,800 gm who had received ophthalrnologic examination between Jan. 1995 and Dec. 1997. The patients were categorized into two groups,' "No ROP" group as control(n=185) and ROP group as study population(n=54), and we compared the perinatal risk factors between the two. RESULTS: 54(22.6%) out of 239 infants were diagnosed as having ROP. The annual incidence of ROP decreased but the incidence of treated ROP increased. The incidence of ROP decreased with longer gestation and higher birth weight. Mean gestational age was 30.3 weeks in the study group vs 31.0 weeks in the control group, and mean birth weight was 1,390 gm and 1,586 gm, respectively. Significant factors contributing to increased incidence of ROP included: duration of oxygen therapy, ventilator therapy, total parenteral nutrition and hospitalization, frequency of hyperoxia, hypercarbia, and transfusion and respiratory distress syndrome, umbilical artery catheterization, intraventricular hemorrhage, sepsis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, use of dexamethasone and aminophylline, pneumonia, air leak syndrome, and hyperglycemia. The incidence of ROP and treated ROP was not influenced by the mode of surfactant treatment(prophylactic vs rescue) in RDS patients and the mode of dexamethasone treatment(short vs long) in BPD patients. CONCLUSION: The risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity included gestational age, birth weight and duration of oxygen, as well as other aforementioned perinatal factors. The occurrence of ROP can be decreased by preventing preterm birth, minimizing the use of oxygen, and further morbidity can be prevented by performing proper ophthalmologic examination and doing an appropriate follow-up.
Aminophylline ; Birth Weight ; Blindness ; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ; Catheterization ; Catheters ; Dexamethasone ; Gestational Age ; Hemorrhage ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Hyperoxia ; Incidence ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight ; Oxygen ; Parenteral Nutrition, Total ; Pneumonia ; Pregnancy ; Premature Birth ; Retinopathy of Prematurity* ; Risk Factors* ; Sepsis ; Umbilical Arteries ; Ventilators, Mechanical

The cause of cyclic strabismus is not clear but is assumed to be an abnormality of the biological clock mechanism. Secondary factors, combined with surgery or trauma as well as unknown causes stimulate its occurrence and may be followed by the periodicity of strabismus. We report postoperative follow-up results of 4 cases of cyclic esotropia following surgery. Two cases (case 1 and 2), who developed cyclic esotropia after surgery for intermittent exotropia, show good postoperative alignment without periodicity. But in case 3, originally treated for intermittent exotropia after receiving treatment for consecutive esotropia, the patient reverted to original condition. In case 4, originally treated for congenital glaucoma and receiving secondary treatment for cyclic esotropia, the cyclic esotropia was recurred. After surgery for consecutive cyclic strabismus, it is necessary to follow up for a long time.
Biological Clocks ; Esotropia* ; Exotropia ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glaucoma ; Humans ; Periodicity ; Strabismus

Purpose: Paclitaxel is an anticancer drug that blocks cell division by stabilizing microtubules. Even though paclitaxel has been shown to be effective in killing bladder cancer cell lines in vitro, the in vivo absorption was extremely low. A paclitaxel formulation was prepared in solution only, which was bioadhesive, and its effects evaluated in the MBT-2 cell line and in C3H2 bladder cancer mice. In addition, the toxicity of the paclitaxel formulation was also evaluated. Materials and Methods: A muco-adhesive oily paclitaxel formulation was made by the combining of monoolein, tricaprylin, Tween 80 and paclitaxel. MBT-2 cells were cultivated in different concentration of taxol, and the tumoricidal activity measured by the indirect methylthiazol-2-yl-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. In an in vivo study, the treatment regimen for the s.c. C3H2 mice was five consecutive once daily administrations, beginning on day 4 post tumor implant. The length and width of the tumors were measured twice a week, and the tumor volume calculated. On day 21, the tumor volume change and toxicity were evaluated. Results: The average particle size of paclitaxel-loaded lipid nanoparticle was about 600nm, with a polydispersity of 1,000. Only 2.6% of the MBT-2 cells were viable after 24 hour of treatment with the formulation at a paclitaxel concentration of 10mug/ml, while showing minimal toxicity of the formulation without paclitaxel. Paclitaxel-loaded lipid nanoparticles, administered orally, allowed significant antitumor activity in C3H2 mice (p<0.05). Conclusions: Paclitaxel-loaded lipid nanoparticles have a remarkable cytotoxic effect against MBT-2 cells, in a dose dependent manner, and the oral paclitaxel-loaded lipid nanoparticle therapy had an inhibitory effect on bladder tumors in a MBT-2 model, but without systemic toxicity. Therefore, oral paclitaxel-loaded lipid nanoparticles may be used for advanced bladder cancer patients.
Absorption ; Animals ; Cell Division ; Cell Line ; Homicide ; Humans ; Mice* ; Microtubules ; Nanoparticles* ; Paclitaxel ; Particle Size ; Polysorbates ; Tumor Burden ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms* ; Urinary Bladder*