OBJECTIVE: Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is one of the serious side effects caused by long-term treatment with neuroleptic medication. Many investigators are trying to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanism of TD, and some candidate genetic polymorphisms have been reported as associated with TD. This study investigated the association of the 5-HT2A receptor promoter gene polymorphisms with TD in Korean schizophrenic subjects. METHODS: The subjects in this study of 5-HT2A receptor gene polymorphisms were 119 schizophrenia patients, 59 with TD and 60 without. TD was evaluated by using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS). Genomic DNA was amplified by PCR and digested with MspI. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in the demographic variables of age, sex ratio, duration of illness and duration of antipsychotic drug exposure between the TD and control groups. 1) A-1438G polymorphisms and TD, By comparing the TD and control groups, the -1438A/G allele was found to be associated with a significantly increased risk for TD (x2=5.560, df=1, p=0.018). 2) Three AIMS categories of TD and A-1438G genotype. There were statistically significant differences in the three AIMS categories (x2=6.835, df=2, p=0.033). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the -1438A/G genotype of the 5-HT2A receptor gene is related to the development of TD. The -1438A/G genotypes were associated with significantly higher AIMS orofacial dyskinesia scores. These findings suggest that the 5-HT2A receptor gene is partly associated with susceptibility to TD in patients with chronic schizophrenia.
Alleles ; DNA ; Dyskinesias ; Genotype ; Humans ; Movement Disorders* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A* ; Research Personnel ; Schizophrenia ; Sex Ratio

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of respiration on the sizes of intrathoracic vasculature, and the trachea,and the main bronchus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventeen volunteers (10males aged 20-39 years and 7 females aged20-39 years) underwent spiral CT, between the apex and lowest base of the lung, collimation was 10mm, pitch was 1,and images were obtained at breath hold forced end-inspiration and breath hold forced end-expiration. Crosssecional areas or diameters were measured in each respiration state at the aorta (ascending, descending, lowerthoracic) and great branches, the IVC (thoracic, abdominal), the SVC, pulmonary artery (right main, leftdescending) and the tracheobronchus (trachea, left upper bronchus). Changes in the size of vessels and airwaysbetween the respiration states were evaluated and compared between inspiration and expiration. RESULT: Duringbreath-hold forced end-inspiration CT, the ascending, descending, and lower thoracic aorta and itsbranches(brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian) as well as the thoracic IVC and SVC and the rightmain and left descending pulmonary arteries decreased in size: during breath-hold forced end-expiration CT, thesize of all these vessels increased. For the trachea, left upper lobe bronchus and abdominal IVC, the situationwas reversed. Statistically significant changes(p<0.05) were noted in the ascending aorta and descending aorta,the lower thoracic aorta, the thoracic and abdominal IVC, the SVC, the right main and left pulmonary arteries, andthe trachea. CONCLUSION: During respiration, changes in the size of the thoracic vasculature and airways isprobably due to changes in intrathoracic pressure. In the measurement and diagnosis of stenosis or dilatation inthe intrathoracic vesculature and airways, respiration states should therefore be considered.
Aorta ; Aorta, Thoracic ; Bronchi* ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Diagnosis ; Dilatation ; Female ; Humans ; Lung ; Pulmonary Artery ; Respiration* ; Tomography, Spiral Computed ; Trachea* ; Volunteers

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the compatability of high school students' desks and chairs to the fittness of their physique, to examine the factors related the posture and pain while they use the classroom desks and chairs, and to analyze the curvature of spine in sitting position. METHOD: Measurements of the dimensions of desks and chairs and a written survey to question students' habits regarding to the usage of classroom desks and chairs along with the physical examinations of spine including the analysis of spine curvature in sitting position with an electrogoniometer. RESULTS: Seven hundred forty nine among 831 male students, and 1,017 among 1,074 female students, complained of discomforts associated with the usage of classroom desks and chiairs. An examination of spine in sitting position using an electrogoniometer showed that both male and female subjects displayed the spine curvatures in the order of thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, and scoliosis. All subjects displayed pain in the order of low back(38.8%), posterior neck(23.9%), shoulder and elbow joints(15.8%), and buttock(15.7%). CONCLUSION: The study revealed an urgent need for the adaptation of classroom desks and chairs according to the growing physique of the adolescents. A majority of the teenaged subjects experienced the discomfort from the use of improper funiture and a poor posture. Authors highly recommend a formal education to the students regarding the importance of proper posture and the usage of adjustable desks and chairs.
Adolescent* ; Animals ; Education ; Elbow ; Female ; Humans ; Kyphosis ; Lordosis ; Male ; Physical Examination ; Posture ; Scoliosis ; Shoulder ; Spine

Platelets play an important role in the development of acute coronary syndrome. Platelet-inhibiting drugs, such as glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, can be beneficial when they are administered at the time of primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndrome. Although an increased risk for bleeding complications is well recognized, the risk associated with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage is much less reported. We report a case of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage after using abciximab.
Acute Coronary Syndrome ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Blood Platelets ; Glycoproteins ; Hemoptysis ; Hemorrhage ; Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Several studies have reported an association between antiphospholipid antibodies (APA) and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, the relationship between APA and the prognosis after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation in patients with AMI is not known. METHODS: Thus, we investigated the relationship between the incidence of MACE and APA levels in patients with AMI who underwent successful DES implantation. RESULTS: Of 182 patients, 78 (42.9%) tested positive for APA. Lupus anticoagulant was positive in 37.6% (68 of 181) patients, anticardiolipin antibody IgM was positive in 8.3% (15 of 180), and anticardiolipin antibody IgG was positive in 1.7% (3 of 180) patients. At follow up, a MACE had occurred in 11 (14.1%) patients in the APA-positive group and in seven (6.7%) patients in the APA-negative group (p = 0.099). CONCLUSIONS: No significant association was found between the incidence of MACE and the presence of APA in patients with AMI who underwent successful DES implantation.
Antibodies, Anticardiolipin ; Antibodies, Antiphospholipid ; Drug-Eluting Stents ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulin M ; Incidence ; Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor ; Myocardial Infarction ; Prognosis

PURPOSE: Most paraquat poisonings are easily diagnosed by history taking on physical examination, however, some are failed to be diagnosed initially if the poisoning was veiled. The purpose of this study was to explore the clinical characteristics of veiled paraquat poisoning. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients whose discharge diagnosis was paraquat poisoning in one university teaching hospital between 1 Jan, 2001 and 31 Dec, 2010. Veiled paraquat poisoning was determined when there was a positive urine paraquat kit in patients who did not mention paraquat poisoning in an initial physical examination or had unknown cause of pulmonary fibrosis, acute renal failure, or multi-organ failure. RESULTS: Of the 117 patients with paraquat poisoning during the study period, 6 patients (5.1%) had veiled paraquat poisoning. The clinical characteristics were 1) proteinuria - 6 (100%), 2) increased creatinine - 4 (66.7%), 3) green skin stains - 2 (33.3%), 4) mucosal ulcer - 3 (50%). Blood chemistry results were variable. CONCLUSION: We should suspect veiled paraquat poisoning for patients who have proteinuria, increased creatinine, green skin stain, mucosal ulcer and vomiting, or if they have rapidly progressing acute renal failure or multi-organ failure with unknown cause, even if patients didn't mention about paraquat poisoning upon the initial physical examination. In cases with the above clinical conditions, a thorough repeated physical examination including history taking and use of urine paraquat kits should be performed.
Acute Kidney Injury ; Coloring Agents ; Creatinine ; Hospitals, Teaching ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Paraquat ; Physical Examination ; Proteinuria ; Pulmonary Fibrosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Skin ; Ulcer ; Vomiting

Ethylene glycol is commonly incorporated into automotive antifreeze agents and a variety of other commercial products. Ethylene glycol poisoning can cause life-threatening metabolic acidosis, cardiopulmonary failure, and renal failure that may be fatal. We present an unusual case of a patient who ingested a large amount of ethylene glycol for the purpose of suicide and developed multiorgan damage, including acute renal failure followed by uremic pericarditis and cardiac tamponade. This unusual complication was effectively managed with echocardiography-guided percutaneous pericardiocentesis and continuous catheter drainage for 3 days. After intensive hemodialysis and supportive care, the patient made a good recovery with near normal cardiac and renal function. Physicians should be aware of the possibility of acute pericarditis and cardiac tamponade in cases of acute renal failure caused by ethylene glycol poisoning.
Acidosis ; Acute Kidney Injury ; Cardiac Tamponade ; Catheters ; Drainage ; Ethylene Glycol ; Ethylenes ; Humans ; Pericardiocentesis ; Pericarditis ; Renal Dialysis ; Renal Insufficiency ; Suicide

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, inflammatory and painful skin disease with recurrent nodules and tracts involving the intertriginous regions. It is known that the patient with HS shows an increased risk of metabolic disorders such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome and autoimmune diseases. Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is a sex chromosomal disorder occurring in males due to an abnormality of sexual differentiation, characterized by 47, XXY karyotype. Also, KS is related with somatic comorbidities such as metabolic syndrome, autoimmune and rheumatologic disorders as HS is. We report a HS patient with KS who shows a big improvement while on tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor treatment.
Adalimumab ; Autoimmune Diseases ; Chromosome Disorders ; Comorbidity ; Hidradenitis Suppurativa ; Hidradenitis ; Humans ; Karyotype ; Klinefelter Syndrome ; Male ; Sex Differentiation ; Skin Diseases ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

BACKGROUND: Cryosurgery has been used to treat primary malignant pulmonary tumors at our institute since November 2004. In this study we analyzed our treatment results and complication rates. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A retrospective study using medical charts and imaging data was conducted involving 17 patients with a total of 17 malignant pulmonary tumors who were treated between November 2004 and March 2007. Fourteen patients were males and 3 were females. The median age of the patients was 64 years (range, 54~77 years). The average size of the tumors was 48.8 mm (range, 36~111 mm) in diameter. The patients were followed with chest CT scans 7 days, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months postoperatively. PET scans were obtained between 6 and 9 months postoperatively. The treatment response was analyzed according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria. RESULT: Six months after treatment, 6 tumors (35.3%) showed a complete response, 4 (23.5%) had a partial response, 3 (17.6%) had stable disease, and 4 (23.5%) showed disease progression. In tumors <4 cm in diameter, a complete response was reported in 50% of the tumors. A chi-square-test showed that in tumors <4 cm in diameter, the p-value for results better than a partial response was 0.034. With respect to procedural complications, there was 1 case of blood-tinged sputum which resolved spontaneously within 1 or 2 days, a spontaneously relieved case of subcutaneous emphysema, and 1 patient with a fever. There were no mortalities and the average hospital stay was 6.3 days. CONCLUSION: The effects of cryosurgery on primary lung cancer is greatest in patients with small tumors. Considering the facts that cryosurgery is minimally invasive, has a low complication rate, and can be performed repetitively, we believe that it may play an important role in the treatment of high risk lung cancer patients.
Cryosurgery ; Disease Progression ; Female ; Fever ; Humans ; Length of Stay ; Lung ; Lung Neoplasms ; Male ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Retrospective Studies ; Sputum ; Subcutaneous Emphysema ; Thorax

OBJECTIVES: The ratio of second to fourth digit length (2D : 4D) could be a potential epigenetic marker of sexual dimorphism reflecting prenatal testosterone exposure. Testosterone is known to affect the development of the brain through an epigenetic mechanism. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of exposure to fetal testosterone on the metabolic syndrome based on 2D : 4D of schizophrenia patients and the relationship with the age of onset of schizophrenia. METHODS: A total of 214 schizophrenia patients participated in this study. The participant's physical and blood tests were performed according to the American National Cholesterol Education Program's Third Amendment of the Metabolic Syndrome Diagnostic Criteria, and the 2D : 4D was measured by the method designed by McFadden. Data were statistically analyzed by t-test, Pearson's correlation analysis and multiple regression model analysis. RESULTS: 2D : 4D was significantly higher in female than male in both hands, and there was a statistically significant negative correlation between 2D : 4D and the age of onset of schizophrenia in male. However, 2D : 4D did not show statistically significant correlation with metabolic factors. CONCLUSIONS: Fetal testosterone suggests the possibility of affecting the age of onset of schizophrenia through the epigenetic mechanism, but there is no clear relationship with metabolic factors.
Age of Onset* ; Brain ; Cholesterol ; Education ; Epigenomics ; Female ; Hand ; Hematologic Tests ; Humans ; Male ; Methods ; Schizophrenia* ; Testosterone