1.A 6-Week Oral Toxicity Study of Oral Cholera Vaccine in Sprague-Dawley Rats.
Yeong Ok BAEK ; Seuk Keun CHOI ; Seo Ho SHIN ; Kyo Hwan KOO ; Ho Young CHOI ; Seung Bum CHA ; Yong Chun LI ; Hyeon Jeong YOO ; Joo Young LEE ; Ki Hyun KIL ; Hak Soo KIM ; Min Soo KANG ; Boo Hyun KANG ; Kap Ho KIM ; Jin Sook BAE
Toxicological Research 2012;28(4):225-233
The present study was carried out to examine the toxicity and target organs of oral cholera vaccine (OCV) after repeated oral administration in Sprague-Dawley rats for 6 weeks (3 administrations, once every 2 weeks). OCV is an inactivated oral cholera vaccine that contains Vibrio cholerae and confers protection against cholera caused by V. cholera serogroups O1 (Inaba and Ogawa serotypes) and O139 (strain 4260B). The animals were orally administered either OCV placebo (negative control) or OCV at a dose equivalent to 240 times the anticipated human dose. Throughout the administration period, no significant change was detected in clinical signs, body weight, food or water consumption, urinalysis results, hematological and clinical biochemistry test results, organ weights, necropsy, or histopathological examination results. Minor changes were found in hematological and clinical biochemistry tests; however, these changes were within normal ranges. The above results suggest that oral administration of OCV in rats did not induce any toxicologically meaningful changes, and the target organs could not be determined. This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines established by Good Laboratory Practice (2009-183, KFDA, December 22, 2009) and the OECD Principles of Good Laboratory Practice (1997).
Administration, Oral
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Animals
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Biochemistry
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Body Weight
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Cholera
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Drinking
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Humans
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Organ Size
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Rats
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Rats, Sprague-Dawley
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Reference Values
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Urinalysis
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Vibrio cholerae
2.Quality of Acute Stroke Care within Emergency Medical Service System in Korea: Proposal for Severe Emergency Medical Center
Kyung Bok LEE ; Ji Sung LEE ; Jeong-Yoon LEE ; Jun Yup KIM ; Han-Yeong JEONG ; Seong-Eun KIM ; Jonguk KIM ; Do Yeon KIM ; Keon-Joo LEE ; Jihoon KANG ; Beom Joon KIM ; Tae Jung KIM ; Sang Joon AN ; Jang-Hyun BAEK ; Seongheon KIM ; Hyun-Wook NAH ; Jong Yun LEE, ; Jee-Hyun KWON ; Seong Hwan AHN ; Keun-Hwa JUNG ; Hee-Kwon PARK ; Tai Hwan PARK ; Jong-Moo PARK ; Yong-Jin CHO ; Im Seok KOH ; Soo Joo LEE ; Jae-Kwan CHA ; Joung-Ho RHA ; Juneyoung LEE ; Boung Chul LEE ; In Ok BAE ; Gui Ok KIM ; Hee-Joon BAE
Journal of the Korean Neurological Association 2023;41(1):18-30
Background:
Korea recently established 70 emergency medical service areas. However, there are many concerns that medical resources for stroke could not be evenly distributed through the country. We aimed to compare the treatment quality and outcomes of acute stroke among the emergency medical service areas.
Methods:
This study analyzed the data of 28,800 patients admitted in 248 hospitals which participated in the 8th acute stroke quality assessment by Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. Individual hospitals were regrouped into emergency service areas according to the address of the location. Assessment indicators and fatality were compared by the service areas. We defined the appropriate hospital by the performance of intravenous thrombolysis.
Results:
In seven service areas, there were no hospitals which received more than 10 stroke patients for 6 months. In nine service areas, there were no patients who underwent intravenous thrombolysis (IVT). Among 167 designated emergency medical centers, 50 hospitals (29.9%) responded that IVT was impossible 24 hours a day. There are 97 (39.1%) hospitals that meet the definitions of appropriate hospital. In 23 service areas (32.9%) had no appropriate or feasible hospitals. The fatality of service areas with stroke centers were 6.9% within 30 days and 15.6% within 1 year from stroke onset than those without stroke centers (7.7%, 16.9%, respectively).
Conclusions
There was a wide regional gap in the medical resource and the quality of treatments for acute stroke among emergency medical service areas in Korea. The poststroke fatality rate of the service areas which have stroke centers or appropriate hospitals were significantly low.