On July 3, 1928, the Wonsan Labor Union established the Wonsan Laborers' Hospital in Seoku-dong, Wonsan for the purpose of reducing medical consultation fees for its members. The union's efforts to improve the welfare of its members include the establishment of an educational institute, a consumers union, a barbershop, and a relief department. The Laborers' Hospital, which began with ten wards, was led by a team of two doctors, one midwife, two pharmacists, and four nurses. The two doctors were Cheol-sun Cha and Jeong-kwon Lee, and the midwife/nurse was Sun-jeong Kim. Union members received a 40% discount on medicine, and this was utilized by a daily average of 60 to 70 workers, or 21,000 workers annually. The Laborers' Hospital was clearly distinct from medical facilities founded as charity institutions in that funds were raised by the recipients themselves, and that the recipients formed a community based on their common status as laborers. However, the Wonsan Laborers' Hospital was shut down in roughly April 1929 due to the breaking of the general strike, and the heightened suppression of union activities prevented any additional opening of laborers' hospitals until Korea's liberation from Japan. Nevertheless, the history of the Wonsan Laborers' Hospital represents a key development in Korea's health coverage. It is not adequate to declare, as was the case in past research, Korea's health coverage to be simply an imitation of the Western system and lacking its own history. Despite some differences in scale and operation, the development of health coverage in the Korean peninsula is in line with the history of health coverage development in the West. The Wonsan Laborers' Hospital, founded and operated by the laborers themselves, thus holds great significance in the history of Korea's health coverage, The findings of this study are expected to stimulate new and more diverse discussions on the history of health coverage in Korea.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group* ; Charities ; Fees and Charges ; Financial Management ; Humans ; Japan ; Korea ; Labor Unions ; Midwifery ; Occupations* ; Pharmacists ; Strikes, Employee

Heterotopic pregnancy occurs when an intrauterine pregnancy co-exists with an ectopic pregnancy. It is a potentially fatal condition, rarely occuring in natural conception cycle. But its incidence is increased since the rise in PID, pelvic surgery, IUD, and advent of assisted reproductive technology involving use of superovulatory drugs and/or in vitro-fertilization. We present a case of intrauterine twin pregnancy and right tubal pregnancy following treatment with in vitro-fertilization. The right tubal pregnancy was diagnosed after rupturing at 6th gestational weeks, and resected via laparoscopy. And healthy twin babies were delivered without complication at 38th gestational week. So we report this case with a brief review of the literatures.
Female ; Fertilization ; Humans ; Incidence ; Laparoscopy ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Ectopic ; Pregnancy, Heterotopic* ; Pregnancy, Tubal ; Pregnancy, Twin ; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted

Objective: The number of patients suffering from dysphagia is increasing in line with societal aging. However, preparing dysphagia diets at home or in welfare facilities is challenging due to the lack of commercially specifically designed products. The thickening agents used to prepare dysphagia meals can be difficult due to changes in viscosity and homogenization. Therefore, this study was performed to prepare dysphagia meals using commercially available foods following the classification system outlined by the International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI). Methods: Commercial foods were categorized as main dishes, side dishes, and snacks. Selected foods were ground or minced, and 1-3 g of thickening agent was added. Following the IDDSI framework, fork flowability, spoon tilt, and gravity flow tests were conducted using a syringe, and based on these evaluations, texture-modified foods were classified as general, minced, ground, or liquid foods. Results: Commercial foods used in the experiment could be used in IDDSI Level 2-7 dysphagia diets after adjusting their structures. Food size and viscosities were appropriately controlled, and an usage manual was developed. Conclusion This study successfully demonstrated the easy incorporation of commercial food products into the dysphagia diets for personal care and welfare facilities. By adopting the described approach, dysphagia patients could be provided various meal options with improved service. In addition, this study suggests possibilities for developing and producing diverse products designed specifically for dysphagia patients.

Objective: The number of patients suffering from dysphagia is increasing in line with societal aging. However, preparing dysphagia diets at home or in welfare facilities is challenging due to the lack of commercially specifically designed products. The thickening agents used to prepare dysphagia meals can be difficult due to changes in viscosity and homogenization. Therefore, this study was performed to prepare dysphagia meals using commercially available foods following the classification system outlined by the International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI). Methods: Commercial foods were categorized as main dishes, side dishes, and snacks. Selected foods were ground or minced, and 1-3 g of thickening agent was added. Following the IDDSI framework, fork flowability, spoon tilt, and gravity flow tests were conducted using a syringe, and based on these evaluations, texture-modified foods were classified as general, minced, ground, or liquid foods. Results: Commercial foods used in the experiment could be used in IDDSI Level 2-7 dysphagia diets after adjusting their structures. Food size and viscosities were appropriately controlled, and an usage manual was developed. Conclusion This study successfully demonstrated the easy incorporation of commercial food products into the dysphagia diets for personal care and welfare facilities. By adopting the described approach, dysphagia patients could be provided various meal options with improved service. In addition, this study suggests possibilities for developing and producing diverse products designed specifically for dysphagia patients.

Objective: The number of patients suffering from dysphagia is increasing in line with societal aging. However, preparing dysphagia diets at home or in welfare facilities is challenging due to the lack of commercially specifically designed products. The thickening agents used to prepare dysphagia meals can be difficult due to changes in viscosity and homogenization. Therefore, this study was performed to prepare dysphagia meals using commercially available foods following the classification system outlined by the International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI). Methods: Commercial foods were categorized as main dishes, side dishes, and snacks. Selected foods were ground or minced, and 1-3 g of thickening agent was added. Following the IDDSI framework, fork flowability, spoon tilt, and gravity flow tests were conducted using a syringe, and based on these evaluations, texture-modified foods were classified as general, minced, ground, or liquid foods. Results: Commercial foods used in the experiment could be used in IDDSI Level 2-7 dysphagia diets after adjusting their structures. Food size and viscosities were appropriately controlled, and an usage manual was developed. Conclusion This study successfully demonstrated the easy incorporation of commercial food products into the dysphagia diets for personal care and welfare facilities. By adopting the described approach, dysphagia patients could be provided various meal options with improved service. In addition, this study suggests possibilities for developing and producing diverse products designed specifically for dysphagia patients.

Objective: The number of patients suffering from dysphagia is increasing in line with societal aging. However, preparing dysphagia diets at home or in welfare facilities is challenging due to the lack of commercially specifically designed products. The thickening agents used to prepare dysphagia meals can be difficult due to changes in viscosity and homogenization. Therefore, this study was performed to prepare dysphagia meals using commercially available foods following the classification system outlined by the International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI). Methods: Commercial foods were categorized as main dishes, side dishes, and snacks. Selected foods were ground or minced, and 1-3 g of thickening agent was added. Following the IDDSI framework, fork flowability, spoon tilt, and gravity flow tests were conducted using a syringe, and based on these evaluations, texture-modified foods were classified as general, minced, ground, or liquid foods. Results: Commercial foods used in the experiment could be used in IDDSI Level 2-7 dysphagia diets after adjusting their structures. Food size and viscosities were appropriately controlled, and an usage manual was developed. Conclusion This study successfully demonstrated the easy incorporation of commercial food products into the dysphagia diets for personal care and welfare facilities. By adopting the described approach, dysphagia patients could be provided various meal options with improved service. In addition, this study suggests possibilities for developing and producing diverse products designed specifically for dysphagia patients.

No Abstract Available.
Female ; Hormone Replacement Therapy* ; Humans ; Life Style* ; Osteoporosis*

PURPOSE: Mycoplasma pneumoniae is one of the most common causes of pneumonia in children and adolescents. Though cold agglutinin test and specific antibody test are used in the diagnosis of mycoplasma pneumonia, there are some limitations in early diagnosis. In this study, we evaluated the availability and usefulness of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the diagnosis of M. pneumoniae pneumonia and compared it with serologic test. METHODS: One hundred twenty four children who were clinically diagnosed with pneumonia and admitted to Kyunghee Hospital from January 1998 to March 2001 were enrolled. Mycoplasma specific antibody test using commercial kit (Serodia-MYCO II, Fusirebio Inc., Tokyo, Japan) and PCR using mycoplasma DNA obtained from throat swabs were done. The sensitivity and specificity of PCR were evaluated. RESULTS: M. pneumoniae pneumonia was diagnosed when the mycoplasma specific antibody titer was over 1: 160 or when the titer increased more than fourfold during follow-up period. The specificity, sensitivity, false-positive rate and false-negative rates of PCR were 93.0%, 58.3%, 33.3%. and 9.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION: PCR has shown high specificity. But, the positive result in PCR don't correlate with the disease activity and PCR does not have high sensitivity. So PCR must be used alongside with serologic test in the diagnosis of pneumonia. But, it seems possible to improve sensitivity by delicate handling of samples and by improving PCR technology, and PCR will possibly be used in the diagnosis of early infections of M. pneumoniae pneumonia and in the evaluation of treatments in the future.
Adolescent ; Child* ; Diagnosis ; DNA ; Early Diagnosis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mycoplasma pneumoniae* ; Mycoplasma* ; Pharynx ; Pneumonia* ; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Serologic Tests

BACKGROUND: Physical activity and calcium nutriture with reproductive endocrine status are primary controller of bone remodelling activity. There are differences in impact of exercise on early menopausal bone ; late menopausal bone. There are possibility of different effect of calcium intake on bone mass among different life stage. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether the relation between lifestyle and bone mineral density varied with life stages. METHODS: We examined bone mineral density and took questionnaires related to lifestyle of 1,698 women aged 49~54 years old who lived in ulsan from July 1999 to Dec. 1999. We selected 731 healthy subjects without medical conditions or lifestyle factors known to affect bone metabolism. RESULTS: In 6~10 years postmenopausal women, those with calcium intake of more than 600 or 800mg /day showed significantly greater BMD. In postmenopausal women , those daily consumption of milk showed greater BMD. But it is not significantly. In premenopausal women with regular menstruation, those who took regular exercise showed significantly greater BMD than those who did not. Working hours is not related with BMD. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that the relation between calcium intake or physical activity and BMD differed with life stages. It was suggested that life stages should be taken into consideration to perform lifestyle modifications for the prevention and management of osteoporosis.
Bone Density* ; Calcium* ; Female ; Humans ; Life Style ; Menopause ; Menstruation ; Metabolism ; Milk ; Motor Activity* ; Osteoporosis ; Ulsan ; Surveys and Questionnaires

In allogeneic transplantation, including the B6 anti-BALB.B settings, H60 and H4 are two representative dominant minor histocompatibility antigens that induce strong CD8 T-cell responses. With different distribution patterns, H60 expression is restricted to hematopoietic cells, whereas H4 is ubiquitously expressed. H60-specific CD8 T-cell response has been known to be dominant in most cases of B6 anti-BALB.B allo-responses, except in the case of skin transplantation. To understand the mechanism underlying the subdominance of H60 during allogeneic skin transplantation, we investigated the dynamics of the H60-specific CD8 T cells in B6 mice transplanted with allogeneic BALB.B tail skin. Unexpectedly, longitudinal bioluminescence imaging and flow cytometric analyses revealed that H60-specific CD8 T cells were not always subdominant to H4-specific cells but instead showed a brief dominance before the H4 response became predominant. H60-specific CD8 T cells could expand in the draining lymph node and migrate to the BALB.B allografts, indicating their active participation in the anti-BALB.B allo-response. Enhancing the frequencies of H60-reactive CD8 T cells prior to skin transplantation reversed the immune hierarchy between H60 and H4. Additionally, H60 became predominant when antigen presentation was limited to the direct pathway. However, when antigen presentation was restricted to the indirect pathway, the expansion of H60-specific CD8 T cells was limited, whereas H4-specific CD8 T cells expanded significantly, suggesting that the temporary immunodominance and eventual subdominance of H60 could be due to their reliance on the direct antigen presentation pathway. These results enhance our understanding of the immunodominance phenomenon following allogeneic tissue transplantation.
Animals ; Antigen Presentation ; Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology/metabolism ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/*immunology ; Female ; Graft Rejection/*immunology ; Interferon-gamma ; Lymphocyte Activation/immunology ; Lymphocyte Count ; Mice ; Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/*immunology/metabolism ; *Skin Transplantation ; Transplantation, Homologous