BACKGROUND/AIMS: Hepatocytes on the hepatic lobule mipate from portal zone to centrilobular mea as the DNA synthesis within it. And also, the xenobiotic reactions reveal characteristic differences associated with zone specific metabolism in the liver acinus. In this study, the zonal distribution of ethylnitrosourea (ENU)-induced hepatic precancerous lesion was stereologically investigated. METHODS: Nine B6C3F1 mices were given I.p. injection of ENU (60 ug/pn body weight) when the pups were 15 days old prior to sacrifices at 8 weeks of life. All the 150 consecutive sections, 3 p m in thickness, were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and identified the basophilic precancerous lesions with 80-165 p m diameter in equatorial plane by the Zeiss microprojector. And then the distances from the center of selected foci to terminal hepatic vein or portal vein branches were estimated under the microscopic fields. As a control group, the same estimations were performed from the random points by the appointments of random digit table. RESULTS: Mean distance between ENU-induced 52 hepatocellular foci and the nearest terminal hepytic vein was 181.15+112.39 p m (Mean+ SD), but that of randomly selected 104 points was 291.73+157.98pm (Mean+5D) (Students t-test, p<0.0005). Substantially, 52.7% of ENU-induced 52 hepatocellular foci were within 300 p m from the terminal hepatic vein, but randomly selected 104 points were only 50.9% (Shapiro Wilk W test, w=0.819857, p=0.048038). Mean distance from ENU-induced 52 foci to portal vein was 398.85+149.98pm (Mean+SD), but that from the randomly selected 104 points was 315.87+145.79 pm (Mean+SD)(Students t-test, p<0.0005). CONCLUSION: Stereologically, ENU-induced mice liver cell foci distribute non-randomly to Zone III, centrilobular zone of mouse hepatic acini where promote invasion toward terminal hepatic veins.
Animals ; Appointments and Schedules ; Basophils ; Cholestasis ; DNA ; Eosine Yellowish-(YS) ; Ethylnitrosourea ; Fluconazole ; Hematoxylin ; Hepatic Veins ; Hepatocytes ; Liver ; Metabolism ; Mice* ; Portal Vein ; Veins

Osteochondroma is one of the most common bone tumors. It can occur anywhere, although it is most frequent mainly around the metaphysis of long bones. Prediction sites are distal femur, proximal humerus, proximal tibia, and so on. However, osteochondroma in sesamoid is very rare. Herein, we report a case of a 56-year-old woman with symptomatic extra-articular osteochondroma in hallucal sesamoid with a brief literature review.
Female ; Femur ; Hallux ; Humans ; Humerus ; Middle Aged ; Osteochondroma* ; Tibia

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of shortening scarf osteotomy on pain relief and range of motion (ROM) of the first metatarsophalangeal joint in hallux rigidus patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-three cases of 19 patients who had been treated with shortening scarf osteotomy for the hallux rigidus between January 2007 and December 2013 were reviewed. The mean follow-up period was 21.4 months, and the mean age was 59.2 years. The first metatarsal bone was shortened until the ROM of the first metatarsophalangeal joint was greater than 80° or 40° of dorsiflexion. The length shortened by scarf osteotomy was measured. The authors also measured and compared the joint interval difference of the standing foot using an anteroposterior radiography. Moreover, the difference of ROM of the first metatarsophalangeal joint between the preoperative and final follow-up periods was also compared. The clinical results were evaluated and compared using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scoring system and visual analogue scale (VAS) score. RESULTS: The mean shortening length was about 6.5 mm (range, 4∼9 mm). The joint space has been increased to 1.8 mm, and the ROM of the first metatarsophalangeal joint has also been increased to 18.4° after the operation. In three cases, the postoperative ROM has been decreased to less 10°. The AOFAS score has been improved from 41.7 (range, 32∼55) to 86.2 (range, 65∼95), and the VAS score was also decreased from 3.7 (range, 3∼5) to 1.3 (range, 0∼3). Two cases have shown no decrease in pain even after the operation. CONCLUSION: Shortening scarf osteotomy was found to decrease joint pain by decompressing the pressure of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. This osteotomy also helped improve the ROM of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Shortening scarf osteotomy can be considered one of the effective methods for joint preservation.
Ankle ; Arthralgia ; Congenital Abnormalities* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Foot ; Hallux Rigidus* ; Hallux* ; Humans ; Joints ; Metatarsal Bones ; Metatarsophalangeal Joint ; Osteotomy* ; Radiography ; Range of Motion, Articular

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of troughing and stress fracture, which are the major complications of scarf osteotomy, and to suggest methods to prevent these complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed 243 cases of 137 patients treated with the scarf osteotomy for hallux valgus from January 2005 to December 2012. The mean follow-up period was 2.8 years. During the scarf osteotomy, a long oblique longitudinal osteotomy was performed in order to decrease the possibility of troughing and stress fracture. Radiographs of lateral view of the foot were obtained and the thicknesses of the first metatarsal base at the sagittal plane were measured and compared. RESULTS: There was no troughing during fragment translation and screw fixation intraoperatively. Radiographs of lateral view of the foot taken preoperatively and at the last follow-up showed that the mean thickness of the first metatarsal was 22.4 mm preoperatively and 21.6 mm at the last follow-up, with a mean difference of 0.8 mm. And no stress fracture was observed. CONCLUSION: To prevent troughing and stress fracture, a long oblique longitudinal cut, parallel to the first metatarsal plantar surface, was performed, making both ends of the proximal segment truncated cone-shape, and securing the strong bony strut of the proximal segment. No troughing or stress fracture was experienced with scarf osteotomy.
Follow-Up Studies ; Foot ; Fractures, Stress ; Hallux Valgus* ; Humans ; Metatarsal Bones ; Osteotomy*

PURPOSE: Chronic tophaceous gout is a painful and disabling inflammatory disease. Surgical treatment for chronic tophaceous gout is very difficult with many complications. This study evaluated the efficacy of shortening scarf osteotomy on the treatment of chronic tophaceous gout in the 1st metatarso-phalangeal (MTP) joint. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2006 to December 2015, 14 patients (19 cases) who underwent axial shortening scarf osteotomy for chronic tophaceous gout were reviewed. All patients were male. The average age at the time of surgery was 59.6 years (42~66 years). The minimum follow-up was 24 months. Total removal of the tophi mass with the adhered medial capsule of the 1st MTP joint was attempted. Axial shortening scarf osteotomy was done on the 1st metatarsal shaft. The visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) forefoot score was assessed preoperatively and postoperatively. The range of motion (ROM) of the 1st MTP joint was also compared pre- and postoperatively. RESULTS: The average size of the extracted tophaceous mass was 32 mm. The mean amount of the length of metatarsal shortening was 4.9 mm. The mean ROM of the 1st MTP joint was improved from 30.4° to 62.3°. The mean AOFAS forefoot score improved from 51.4 to 86.6 points. The mean VAS for pain improved from 4.6 to 0.3 points. CONCLUSION: The axial shortening scarf osteotomy used on chronic tophaceous gout could reconstruct the 1st MTP joint with an improved ROM and was free of pain. Axial shortening scarf osteotomy is suggested as a useful and effective method for the treatment of chronic tophaceous gout.
Ankle ; Follow-Up Studies ; Foot ; Gout* ; Humans ; Joints* ; Male ; Metatarsal Bones ; Methods ; Osteotomy ; Range of Motion, Articular

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to evaluate if the Ilizarov external fixation procedure with axial compression can help to obtain fusion across the ankle joint in patients with a high risk of nonunion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2006 to December 2015, the study reviewed 17 patients who underwent ankle arthropathy with a high risk of nonunion and who underwent ankle fusion using the Ilizarov external fixator with axial compression and auto bone grafting. After the lateral surface of the ankle joint was exposed through a lateral trans-fibular approach, massive removal of the articular cartilage and excision of any loose or avascular bone were done. With the cortical bone harvested from the pelvis as corticocancellous bone blocks, we inserted the two cortical blocks longitudinally into the anterior and posterior part of the free ankle space from lateral to medial to make the rectangular chamber to fill the cancellous bones. After the Ilizarov external fixator was equipped, we tightened the frame by 5 mm to compress the bone graft space. We accessed the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot score both preoperatively and postoperatively. RESULTS: The average age at the time of operation was 63.4 years (range, 47~78 years). The mean frame time was 17.4 weeks (range, 15~23 weeks). The average follow-up period was 3.7 years (range, 2~6 years). Osseous fusion was obtained in 15 patients (88.2%). There were two stable pseudarthroses among the rheumatoid arthritis patients, and we continued their follow-up. The mean AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot score improved from 48.5 to 73.7 points. CONCLUSION Ankle arthrodesis using the Ilizarov external fixation with axial compression and auto bone grafting on the ankle arthropathy that had difficult conditions to achieve union is considered one of the useful methods with a correspondingly low incidence of complications.

Purpose: This study evaluated the results of two groups—the early group and midterm group—comparatively in the treatment of hallux valgus using a scarf osteotomy. Materials and Methods: From January 2005 to December 2009 (Group 1) and from January 2010 to December 2013 (Group 2), this study compared hallux valgus cases treated by a scarf osteotomy by a single surgeon with at least a five-year follow-up. Results: The average ages of Group 1 and Group 2 were 50.5 and 51.7 years old, respectively. The average follow-up of Groups 1 and 2 were 7.4 and 6.2 years, respectively. Groups 1 and 2 had 86 cases (53 patients) and 93 cases (64 patients) with at least a five-year followup, respectively. The average hallux valgus angle (HVA) and 1-2 intermetatarsal angle (IMA) of Group 1 were improved from 31.3° and 13.9° preoperatively to 11.3° and 6.8° at the final follow-up, respectively (p<0.001). The average HVA and 1-2 IMA of Group 2 were improved from 31.7° and 13.4° preoperatively to 8.9° and 6.6° at the final follow-up, respectively (p<0.001). The mean American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score of both groups increased from 48.5 and 45.0 points preoperatively to 73.7 and 82.4 points at the final follow-up, respectively. The numbers of patient-assessed subjective satisfaction of Groups 1 and 2 at the final follow-ups were as follows: excellent, 27 and 36 (31.4%, 38.7%); good, 34 and 49 (39.5%, 52.7%); fair, 13 and 5 (15.1%, 5.4%); poor, 12 and 3 (13.9%, 3.2%);respectively. Neither troughing nor stress fractures occurred in both groups. Conclusion Scarf osteotomy for treating hallux valgus is an excellent surgical method with a relatively low incidence of complications.The results in Group 2 were better than those in Group 1, showing that more surgical experience and evolution of the techniques provided better results.

Anisakiasis of the gastrointestinal tract is caused by the ingestion of raw fish or uncooked foods infested with Anisakis larvae belonging to the subfamily Anisakidae. With the increasing popularity of Japanese cuisine such as sashimi in Korea, the incidence of anisakiasis is expected to increase. The entire gastrointestinal tract from the esophagus to the rectum can be involved. Colonic anisakiasis is rare in comparison with gastric involvement. We report the anisakiasis concurrently invading the stomach, ileocecal valve and transverse colon treated by endoscopy with a brief review of the relevant literature.
Anisakiasis* ; Anisakis ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Colon ; Colon, Transverse* ; Eating ; Endoscopy ; Esophagus ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Humans ; Ileocecal Valve* ; Incidence ; Korea ; Larva ; Rectum ; Stomach*

BACKGROUND: This study was done to validate the three single questions about binge drinking for identifying problem drinkers. METHODS: Two hundred sixty-one patients (133 men) were interviewed by family physicians for the presence of problem drinking which was defined as at-risk drinking or alcohol use disorders according to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) guideline and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria. The three single questions (the largest amount of drinking in a day; days of drinking 1.5 bottle [1 bottle in women] or more of Soju [Korean alcoholic beverage, 56 g of alcohol/bottle]; and days of getting drunk during the recent 3 months) were validated against the interview results. RESULTS: Among 261 interviewees, 31.4% were at-risk drinkers, 30.2% had a current alcohol use disorder, and 36.8% had either or both conditions. The first question, considering 4 drinks or more for men and 3 drinks or more for women as positive, showed a sensitivity of 93.8% and specificity of 75.0% in men, and 86.6% and 86.7% in women, respectively. The second question with cut-point of 1 in both gender showed 81.3% and 86.5% in men, respectively and 80.0% and 89.4%, respectively in women. The third question with cut-point of 3 in both gender showed 61.7% and 92.3% in men, respectively and 46.7% and 91.2%, respectively in women. The area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve of the first question was 0.937 in men and 0.970 in women, for the second question, 0.906 and 0.915, and for the third question, 0.768 and 0.764, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The first question (the largest amount of drinking in a day during the recent 3 months) and the second question (days of drinking 1.5 bottle [1 bottle in women] or more of Soju during the recent 3 months) were considered useful in detecting problem drinkers.
Alcoholic Beverages ; Binge Drinking ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Drinking ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (U.S.) ; Physicians, Family ; ROC Curve ; Sensitivity and Specificity

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of exposure to hexavalent chromium, 93 male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to hexavalent chromium solution. METHODS: Rats were divided into 4 groups and exposed to 0.1 ml of 0 mM, 0.4 mM, 2.0 mM, and 10.0 mM potassium chromate in the first experiment, and to 0.1 ml of 0 mM, 20 mM, 40 mM, and 80 mM in the second for consecutive 3 days by tracheal instillation. Three and 10 rats were the controls for the first and the second experiments, respectively. Lung tissues were then removed to measure the 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) level using the HPLC-ECD method, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity using the cytochrome C method, and 8-hydroxyguanine endonuclease activity using the oligonucleotide nicking assay. RESULTS: The results showed no significant linear relationship between chromium exposure level and 8-OH-dG level or 8-hydroxyguanine endonuclease activity. In the first experiment, 8-OH-dG level and 8-hydroxyguanine endonuclease activity increased in 0.4 mM group, and then decreased in 2.0 mM and 10.0 mM groups. The correlation coefficients between 8-OH-dG level and 8-hydroxyguanine endonuclease activity was statistically significant (P<0.01), and total SOD activity was elevated by chromium exposure in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). In contrast, there was no significant dose-response pattern or correlation in the second experiment. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the fact that there was no linear relationship between chromium dose and 8-OH-dG level or activity of the repair enzyme, it seems unlikely that 8-OH-dG formation is the major mechanism of chromium carcinogenesis.
Animals ; Carcinogenesis ; Chromium* ; Cytochromes c ; Humans ; Lung* ; Male ; Potassium ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Superoxide Dismutase* ; Superoxides*