PURPOSE: Intravesical instillation of bacillus Calmette-Guerin(BCG) is an established and effective therapy for the superficial bladder carcinoma. The viability of BCG is crucial for the induction of a local immune response as well as effective therapy of recurrent superfical bladder carcinoma. Lubricants are used to facilitate catheterization during intravesical instillation of BCG. Moreover bacteriostatic components contained in them have potential to reduce the viability of the BCG. To verify this assumption, inhibitory effect of four commercially available lubricants on the BCG growth was analyzed. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Four different lubricants and their components were co-incubated with Connaught strain BCG and the resultant growth of BCG was assessed. RESULTS: Significant impairment of BCG viability with lubricants was noted. Chlorhexidine digluconate which is the component of lubricant was considered as responsible for this inhibition. CONCLUSIONS: During intravesical BCG, lubricants might reduce the number of viable BCG in clinical use. For this reason, during intravesical immunotherapy with BCG small amounts of lubricants should be used for urethral catheterization and use of lubricant which does not contain bacteriostatic agent should be considered.
Administration, Intravesical ; Bacillus* ; Catheterization ; Catheters ; Chlorhexidine ; Immunotherapy ; Lubricants ; Mycobacterium bovis ; Thiram ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Catheterization ; Urinary Catheters

Grisel’s syndrome is a non-traumatic atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation for which the underlying mechanism has not yet been identified. It is known to occur following upper respiratory infections, tonsillitis, ear, nose, and throat (ENT) surgeries such as tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. The diagnosis of Grisel’s syndrome can be made by plain x-ray, CT scanning, and/or MRI scanning. The first choice of treatment is conservative therapy such as bed rest, muscle relaxation, analgesic therapy, antibiotics, and simple traction. While Grisel’s syndrome occurs rarely, delayed treatment may lead to neurological complications or requires surgical treatment. Early diagnosis and treatment are important in preventing fatal outcome. We report the case of a 9-year-old male who developed Grisel’s syndrome after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy.

Fluconazole is a triazole-based first-generation antifungal agent and has excellent effects on candidiasis and cryptococcosis. Hypersensitivity has been reported as a side effect of fluconazole. A 76-year-old female patient used fluconazole for consolidation therapy for cryptococcal meningitis, but showed delayed hypersensitivity with skin rashes and itching sensation of the whole body. For desensitization, was attempted by administering 12-step, 1:1 fluconazole solutions were administered intravenously at sequentially increasing infusion rates. After successful quick desensitization to fluconazole, fluconazole was continuously used as a consolidation therapy for cryptococcal meningitis. We herein report a case of delayed hypersensitivity reaction to fluconazole in consolidation therpy with cryptococcal meningitis who successfully completed desensitization.
Aged ; Candidiasis ; Cryptococcosis ; Exanthema ; Female ; Fluconazole ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Hypersensitivity, Delayed ; Meningitis, Cryptococcal ; Pruritus ; Sensation

Nizatidine is a histamine H₂ receptor antagonist that inhibits stomach acid production and is commonly used in the treatment of peptic ulcer and gastroesophageal reflux. H₂ receptor antagonists are typically well tolerated, and hypersensitivity reactions are rare. A 19-year-old woman developed urticaria 30 minutes after taking a drug containing nizatidine. Allergic reactions to nizatidine were confirmed via skin prick test, which also revealed cross-reactions to ranitidine. We believe that this is the first case report on immediate hypersensitivity to nizatidine in Korea.
Female ; Gastroesophageal Reflux ; Histamine ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Hypersensitivity, Immediate ; Korea ; Nizatidine ; Peptic Ulcer ; Ranitidine ; Skin ; Stomach ; Urticaria ; Young Adult

Proper ligament balancing, restoration of the mechanical axis and component alignment are essential for the success and longevity of a prosthesis. In conventional total knee arthroplasty (TKA), an intramedullary guide is used to improve the alignment. An extramedullary guide can be used in cases of severe femoral bowing or intramedullary nailing but its use is more subjective and relies on the surgeon's experience. This paper reports two successful cases of navigation-assisted TKA for severe right knee osteoarthritis retaining a femoral intrameullary nail, and left knee osteoarthritis retaining a distal femoral plate.
Aged ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee/*methods ; Bone Plates ; Bone Screws ; Female ; Femoral Fractures/surgery ; Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary ; Humans ; Osteoarthritis, Knee/*surgery ; Surgery, Computer-Assisted/*methods

No abstract available.
Aged ; Giant Cell Arteritis/*complications/diagnosis ; Humans ; Male ; Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic/diagnosis/*etiology ; Republic of Korea ; Temporal Arteries/diagnostic imaging ; Ultrasonography ; *Visual Acuity

Incidental pancreatic cysts may show various clinical courses, from benign to invasive malignant lesions. To adequately treat asymptomatic pancreatic cystic tumors, accurate diagnosis is needed. However, in many cases, clinical and imaging findings do not provide a definitive diagnosis. Therefore, if there is any evidence suggestive of a malignant lesion, the lesion should be removed surgically. If not, follow-up should be done continuously. To date, several academic societies have issued guidelines that suggest malignant features and follow-up strategies for incidental pancreatic cysts. These guidelines ultimately aim to increase the cure rate by surgical resection and reduce the likelihood of unnecessary surgery by early and efficient screening of high-risk cases. The purpose of this study is to review the relevant findings for the definitive diagnosis of relatively common pancreatic cystic neoplasms and to discuss guidelines for the management of incidental pancreatic cystic neoplasms.

Background and Objectives: The association between chemosensory dysfunction (CSD) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to determine the incidence of olfactory and taste dysfunction in asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic patients with COVID-19 and to evaluate the symptoms associated with CSD in patients with COVID-19.Materials and Method: On March 9, 2020, 309 patients with asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic COVID-19 confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were admitted to the No. 7 Community Treatment Center in Korea. An internet-based survey about symptomatology was administered to these patients, with responses obtained from 244 (79.0%). Subjects who completed the survey were enrolled in this study and were categorized into either a CSD group or a normal chemosensory group based on the presence or absence of CSD, respectively. Results: General symptoms, including fever, myalgia, and chills, were most common (29.1%), followed by upper respiratory tract infection (URI) symptoms (20.9%), CSD (20.5%), and nasal symptoms (13.5%). In patients with CSD (n=50), 10 (4.1%) reported no other symptoms. After adjustment for age, sex, past medical history, and other symptoms, general symptoms [odds ratio (OR), 3.63; confidence interval (CI), 1.70-7.76] and nasal symptoms (OR, 7.00; CI, 2.61-18.80) were significantly associated with CSD. Conclusion The incidence of CSD was relatively high (20.5%) in asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic patients with COVID-19. General symptoms were independent risk factors of CSD, suggesting a sensorineural mechanism for the observed olfactory and taste dysfunction.