The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of thermocycling on the shear bond strength of Co-Cr alloy to denture base resin. PMMA denture base resin such as heat-cured Vertex-RS , self-cured Vertex-SC and 4-META denture base resin such as heat-cured Meta-Dent , self-cured Meta-Fast was bonded to Co-Cr alloy. Samples were divided into 3 groups : no thermocycling group as control, thermocycling between 5degrees C and 55degrees C with 15 second dwell time as group 1, thermocycling with 1 minute dwell time as group2. The shear bond strength was measured and the interface between metal and resin was observed by SEM. The results were as follows. 1. The shear bond strength decreased significantly according to thermocycling and dwell time(P<0.001). 2. The bond strength of Co-Cr alloy and 4-META denture base resin was significantly higher than that of Co-Cr alloy and PMMA denture base resin(P<0.001). 3. IN SEM, there was no gap in control group, but there was much and large gap in group 1, 2. The longer dwell times, the lower bond strength. PMMA denture base resin had more gap than 4-META denture dwell times, the lower bond strength. PMMA denture base resin had more gap than 4-META denture base resin in the interface. These results revealed that thermocycling decreased the bond strength between Co-Cr alloy and denture base resin and dwell time of thermocycling changed the effect of thermocycling. The results suggested that oral temperature change affect the bond strength of prosthesis.
Alloys* ; Denture Bases* ; Dentures* ; Polymethyl Methacrylate ; Prostheses and Implants

This study aimed to identify the educational needs of people with type 2 diabetes according to risk perceptions and the level of severity of complications.

The history of rehabilitation of disabilities in Korea began with the foreigners and missionaries who were interested in it after Korean War. In 1981. Disabled Persons Welfare Act was enacted and the 88 Paralympics brought the nations attention to the welfare and rehabilitation of persons with disabilities. Since then, the facilities and the services for the disabled persons have expanded rapidly and the rehabilitation treatment and nursing intervention are drawing more attention. Against this background, the survey on the current status of disabilities, welfare service, facilities, and rehabilitation nursing was conducted. The results of this survey are as follows 1. According to the 2000 census of disabilities. the number of persons with disabilities in Korea is estimated at 1.449.500. or 3.09% of the entire Korean population, 0.74% up from 2.35% in 1995. 2. Disability Types in 2000 The 2000 census showed that the persons with disabilities numbered 1.449, 496 out of the total population and 1.024,371 persons are registered for disability. making up 70.7% of the estimated disabled population. Among them, physically disabled persons accounted for the largest 41. 7% (605.127) and mentally retarded persons stood at the smallest 9% (13.481). 3. Percentage of Disability Presence The survey showed that more than 90% of disability were acquired. However, 44.8% of mental disability and 61.4% of hearing /speaking disability were not acquired after birth. This means that these disabilities happened by congenital cause or birth accident. 4. Yearly Figure of Registered Disabled Persons In 1989. 218,601 persons registered for disability and, in 2000, the number increased by 4.7 times to 1.024.371. These figures are different from the actual number of disabled persons. According to the 1995 census. 1.053.486 were disabled persons but only 378,323 registered for disability. And. in the 2000 census. 1.024,371 out of the 1.449.496 of disabled persons registered for disability. 5. Welfare Service for Persons with Disability 62.6% of the total disabled people are registered and physically disabled persons accounted for the highest percentage of 96.7%. 26.5% of non-registered disabled people said that they didn't know the registration procedure. The rest of them replied that they didn't think they were disabled or that registration didn't seem to give any benefits 6. Welfare Policies for Disabled Persons The welfare benefits given to the disabled are as follows: Issuance of disabled sign for car drivers. Permission to use LPG fuel. Reduction of public facility fees. Household allowance. Tax reduction or exemption, Medical allowance and education subsidy for children, and Housing. 7. Current Condition of Welfare Facilities by Disability Type. The welfare institutions for disabilities numbered 188i in total and they can accommodate 16,823 persons. Categories of these institutions are physical disability(37), visual disability(10). hearing/speaking disability(l4). mental retardation(59), and sanatoriums(68). 6. Human Resource of Rehabilitation of Disabilities Advanced education programs include rehabilitation nursing in its curriculum and this was selected as the program of Korean Academic Society of Nursing in 1990. In November 1997, Korean Academic Society of Rehabilitation Nursing was launched and many academic meeting and seminars were held. This organization is also making efforts to develop the education program for qualified rehabilitation nursing professionals and to develop the standards of rehabilitation nursing practice. In the professionals of the rehabilitation there are rehabilitation specialist, physical therapist, speech therapist, occupational therapist. It is needed to come up with the measures to supply stable human resources following the demand of disabled persons and to recognize the private certificates for rehabilitation professionals as official ones after reviewing the education and training programs of private institutions. 9. Rehabilitation Nursing 1) Rehabilitation nursing was taught as an independent subject in 11 undergraduate programs and 9 graduate programs. 2) Research on rehabilitation nursing in Korea were 24 experimental research and 11 non-experimental research. The intervention of experimental research were mostly education and exercise rehabilitation programs. 3) In the three rehabilitation hospitals, nursmg IS divided into two categories, direct nursing and education & counseling. Direct nursing includes tracheostomy or nasogastric tube care, urination and defication, skin care, pain control, complication, prevention and care, prevention of injury from a fall. etc.
Censuses ; Child ; Counseling ; Curriculum ; Disabled Persons ; Education ; Emigrants and Immigrants ; Family Characteristics ; Fees and Charges ; Hearing ; Housing ; Humans ; Korea* ; Korean War ; Mentally Disabled Persons ; Missions and Missionaries ; Nursing ; Parturition ; Penicillin G Benzathine ; Physical Therapists ; Public Facilities ; Rehabilitation Nursing* ; Rehabilitation* ; Skin Care ; Specialization ; Taxes ; Tracheostomy ; Urination

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical effect and reproductive outcome of pelviscopic ovarian drilling in infertile patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome resistant to clomiphene citrate. METHODS: Twenty two patients involved in this study were taken pelviscopic ovarian drilling with needle electrocautery. Change of characteristic LH/FSH ratio before and after operative treatment, ovulation and pregnancy success were followed up. Paired t-test was applied for hormonal change (p<0.05). RESULTS: Thirteen of 14 patients (93%) treated only with pelviscopic ovarian drilling showed successful ovulation with or without clomiphene citrate and among these 10 patients (71%) were success in pregnancy and 9 patients delivered full term babies. When including patients who needed other assisted reproductive technique and specific medication of endometriosis 17 of 22 patients (77%) were successfully pregnant and 15 patients (68%) delivered healthy babies. The mean LH/FSH ratio 2.0+/-0.5 before treatment were decreased to 1.26+/-0.37 after treatment (p<0.05). Interestingly, among 22 patients, various degree endometriosis were found during pelviscopy and specific medication with GnRH analogue were followed. CONCLUSION: Pelviscopic ovarian drilling showed successful ovulation rate and effective reproductive outcome in clomiphene-resistant infertile patients with PCO. This surgical technique seems to be an alternative step for the management of clomiphene-resistant infertile patients with PCO and also for the diagnosis of possible high rate of endometriosis in these patents.
Clomiphene* ; Diagnosis ; Electrocoagulation ; Endometriosis ; Female ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone ; Humans ; Needles ; Ovulation ; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome* ; Pregnancy ; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted

This study is aimed to observe the expressions of different genes, including the extracellular matrix proteins, growth factors, and transcription factors during different developmental stages of mouse submandibular gland. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the antisense inhibition in organ culture system were performed using mouse embryos and newborns. Total 140 mouse embryos (E14(80), E15(20), E16(20), E18(20)) and 30 newborn mice (D2(10), D3(10), D6(10)) obtained from 60 pregnant mice and 3 adult mice (3 weeks old) were used for the cDNA production and the salivary gland organ culture. Syndecan, perlecan, laminin alpha1 chain, TGF beta1, beta 3, and sonic hedgehog mRNAs were expressed in the early stage (E14~E16) of the submandibular gland development, whereas transglutaminase C (TGase C), E-cadherin, epimorphin, laminin beta2 and gamma1 chains, and HGF mRNAs were expressed in the middle and late stages (E16~E18, D2~D6). Antisense inhibition of different genes in the organ culture of E14 mouse embryos of submandibular gland showed specific growth retardation in the development of ductal and acinar cells. Especially, the antisense inhibition of perlecan, E-cadherin, laminin alpha1 chain, laminin beta2 chain, and syndecan mRNA arrested the growth of ductal and acinar cells. While the antisense inhibition of integrin beta5 greatly affected the acinar cell differentiation and also produced cystic dilatation of salivary ducts, the antisense inhibition of fibronectin showed aberrant growth of ectomesenchymal tissues of the mouse submandibular gland.
Acinar Cells ; Adult ; Animals ; Cadherins ; Dilatation ; DNA, Complementary ; Embryonic Structures ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins ; Fibronectins ; Gene Expression* ; Hedgehogs ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Laminin ; Mice* ; Organ Culture Techniques* ; RNA, Messenger ; Salivary Ducts ; Salivary Glands ; Submandibular Gland* ; Syndecans ; Transcription Factors

BACKGROUND: Ciclopiroxole.minsolution or cream is the topical in imycotic agent which has been known to have the ability to penetrate the horny skin and nail keratin. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pierapeutic effect of 1% ciclopiroxolamine solution on onychomycosis. METHODS: 1% ciclopiroxolamie solution was applied topically to hentire surface of t,he diseased nail at least twice a day for 12 to 36 weeks according to the verity of nail involvement and degree of improvement in 21 cases of onychomycoses. RESULTS: 1. With only topical application of 1% ciclopiroxolamine solutior, 4 out of 21 cases(67%) showed 25% or more reduction of the affected nail area, and 8 out of 21 cases(38%) showed 50% or more reduction of the affected nail area. 2. There was no significant difference in the degree of improvem of according to the duration of disease. 3. Therapeutic effect was relat.ively high on Candida albicans, while it was relatively low on Aspergillus species. 4. 3 out of 7 cases of mild(up to 30%) involvement showed a 7% or more reduction of the affected nail, while 4 out of 6 cases of severe(60-100%) involvement showed a 25% or less reduction of the affected nail. 5. As side effects during the topical application of 1% ciclopiroxol nr ne solution, periungualer ythema appeared in 3 cases, and a burning sensation in 4 of 21 cases. CONCLUSION: 1% ciclopiroir olaniine solution could be tried as an effctive therapeutic agent on onychomycosis for the patient who would not be tolerable to oral an ifiigal medication for associated systemic diseases or who does not want oral medication.
Aspergillus ; Burns ; Candida albicans ; Humans ; Onychomycosis* ; Sensation ; Skin

Herpes zoster is characterized by several groups of vesicles situateu unilaterally within the distribution of the cranial or spinal nerve coming from one posterior ganglion Biateral involvement and recurrence are rare, and zoster involves two widely separated regions at on time are even rarer. We report a case of bilateral eupes zoster. A 5-years-old female patient was presented with painful bilateral grouped vesicles on an erythematous base along the dermatome of Lt T2 and Rt T5. Tzanck smear revealed multinucleated giant cells, and histopathologic findings were consistent with herpetic infection. She was successfully treated by administration of acyclovir without any significant cornplications.
Acyclovir ; Female ; Ganglion Cysts ; Giant Cells ; Herpes Zoster* ; Humans ; Recurrence ; Spinal Nerves

BACKGROUND: The polymerase chain reaction(PCR) assay is rapid, sensitive analytical technique but has problem of high false-positive rate. We applied dUTP-UDG PCR (dU-PCR) method to prevent carryover contamination major source of high false positive in PCR assays, for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. METHODS: The PCRs for detection of M. tuberculosis were performed with P1 and P2 primers based on IS6110 repeated sequence. FTC-2000 was used for capillary PCR and Uno-Thermoblock was used for heating block PCR. In order to evaluate the effect of dU-PCR controlling carryover contamination, PCRs were performed in the presence of UDG and the absence of UDG. To compare the sensitivity of usual dT-PCR with dU-PCR, chromosomal DNA of M. tuberculosis ranging 500pg to 0.5fg were amplified by dT-PCR and dU-PCR method using two different thermocycler, capillary and heating block type, respectively. RESULT: The dU-PCR using UDG prevented carryover contamination by amplicon DNA up to 500pg. By capillay PCR method, the lower limits of detectability of dT-PCR and dU-PCR were 0.5fg and 500fg, respectively, which indicates the sensitivity of dU-PCR was lower than dT-PCR. But by heating block method, the lower limits of detectability of both method of dU and dT-PCR were 0.5fg. So the sensitivity of dU-PCR was same as dT-PCR. CONCLUSION: The dU-PCR by heating-block method was sensitive test for detection of M. tuberculosis that effectively prevent carryover contamination by amplicon.
Capillaries ; DNA ; Heating ; Hot Temperature ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis* ; Mycobacterium* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Tuberculosis

The cumulative incidence of breast cancer in Korea is low, being about one-fifth of that in the United States. This low incidence has been mainly explained by environmental factors, and recently, however, racial variations in the disease-causing genes should also be considered. The BRCA1 is one of the common genes involved in early-onset breast cancer and/or ovarian cancer in the United States and Northern Europe. However, the involvement of BRCA1 in Korean'breast cancer patients are still unclear. We performed germline mutation screening of the BRCA1 gene by DNA single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. We examined 27 breast cancer patients who were diagnosed less than 35 years by age including two cases with family history of breast cancer. Our study showed no germline mutation at the exons 2, 11 and 20, which were known as the supreme susceptible regions of BRCA1 mutations. Even though our cases did not fulfilled the criteria of familial breast/ovarian cancer, the proprotion of families who inherit the mutated BRCA1 allele seems to be very small and might be negligible among Korean population. Therefore, it is considered that the BRCA1 itself cannot be a major susceptibility gene and the contributions of other genes might be important for the breast cancer.
Alleles ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; DNA ; Europe ; Exons ; Genes, BRCA1 ; Germ-Line Mutation* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Mass Screening ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; United States

Epidemiology, pathology, diagnosis and treatment of gastric carcinoma has been revised recently. The authors analysed 3,170 cases of gastric carcinoma which were diagosed with fiberoptic biopsy or resected specimens from 1968 to 1988 in Pusan area. The specimen were collected from Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan Paik Hospital and other general hospitals in Pusan city. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1) The time trend indicated that difference in the annual fluctuation of requency of gastric carcinoma during last 21 years was not statistically significant. But it was noticed that by comparing the following the two decades (1970~1979 and 1980~1988) the frequency of gastric carcinoma decreased in male, in middle age and in intestinal type. 2) Morbidity of gastric carcinoma increased in both sexes by aging, and this tendency was more marked in male and in intestinal type in female and in diffuse type. 3) In general the gastric carcinoma involved more frequently distal portion than proximal portion of the stomach was characterized predominantly by male, older patients and intestinal type. 4) Carcinoma with Borrmann type I and II were characterized predominantly by male, older patients and intestinal type. With Borrmann type III and IV, female, young patients and diffuse type were found more frequently. From the above results, the authors concluded that the pathological and epidemiological findings of gastric carcinoma among Koreans in Pusan area showed a transition moving from high risk to low risk area of gastric carcinoma.
Female ; Male ; Humans ; Biopsy